Tabbara+SS+C+-+Jenny

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= = = = = = = = = __Renaissance, Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration__ =

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 * Assignment 2 **

1. Which scientific invention/discovery from the Renaissance do you think was the most important? Why?
 * (NOTEBOOK)**

2. Which scientific invention/discovery from the Renaissance do you think is used most today? Explain how it is used. 

3. Why do you think the Church forced Galileo to deny his ideas about the universe? = =

= = = = = = =__Middle Ages __= = = Assignment 9 ** **1. What was the bubonic plague and what were the symptoms?** Bubonic plague is the plague that struck western Eurasia in the mid-1300s. The symptoms were severe chills, fever, convulsion, vomiting, and they also had dark spots on their skin and swollen glands.
 * Assignment 1 **
 * (notebook) **
 * 

The plague traveled by along the trade routes and sea routes.
 * How did the plague travel from Asia to Europe?**

Wars stopped and trade declined. There were punishments from God. Christians blames Jews for this. Feudalism began to decline, no workers to grow the food. 20 - 30 millions of people were killed by 1400s
 * 3. Describe the widespread effects of the bubonic plague.**


 * 

Assignment 5 **

**Kitchens** Its a place for cooks to cook for hundreds of people living in the castle. They felt a little tiring to cook for so many people. 

**Chapel** Father Pellam is the priest that is in charge of the chapel. In the Middle Ages, not many people could read and write, but he could. He teaches the pages read and write. He enjoyed teaching the pages.

**Great Hall** Feasts are held here. The Lord sit at the top of the hall, the knights, squires and other members of the household sit on benches at the long table. Young pages serve the food at the top table so that they could learn good manners. The people were mostly satisfied with their positions.

There is a person who is in charge of the well-being of the horses. They were tires to take care of the horses.   The soldiers who guard the castle live in the gatehouse. There are fletchers who make the bows, arrows and there are armorers who repairs and make new weapons and armors.
 * Stables**
 * Guard room**


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Assignment 2 ** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">1. Since these barbarian tribes were in the "Dark Ages", do you think they were friendly towards each other? Why or why not? No, I don't think they were friendly toward each other. The main reason why they are in the 'Dark Ages', in the first place is that they had difficulties to be united, and that had divided Europe like jigsaw puzzles.

2. Name two tribes and the modern European nations (or parts of modern nations) they used to control. The Visigoths controlled Spain. The Ostrogoths controlled Italy.

3. One of the tribes we didn't study was called the Merovingians. Who were the Merovingians? Merovingians were the people from the largest Germanic tribe who tried to build civilizations. They settled in lands that are now part of Western Germany and <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">France. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 112%;">4. Who was Clovis and why was his conversion to Christianity important in history? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;"><span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Clovis was the Merovingian king in 481 AD. It was important in history because when the king converted to Christianity, his people were encouraged to convert their religion. It caused the invasion against the Muslims in later years.
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Assignment 1 ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 99%;">1. What is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages? It is considered as the 'Dark Ages'. It was in 476 CE.

2. What is the Latin name for the Middle Ages? It is called medieval.

3. Why do you think the Middle Ages are often called the "Dark Ages"? What was the only hope for people during these difficult times? There were diseases and only a few people who could read and write, and nobody expected the conditions to improve. The only hope was the belief in Christianity, the hope that the life in heaven is much better than life on earth. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 4. While Europe was in the "Dark Ages", what was happening in the rest of the world? The other parts of the world was flourishing.

5. How long did the "Dark Ages" last and what year did they end? It lasted for about 1000years. It ended in 1450 CE.

6. What does Renaissance mean and what happened during this time? Renaissance or rebirth, means the beginning of modern history. In this time, Columbus sailed to America, literacy spread, scientists made great discoveries, and lastly the artists created work.

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__ Civilization of the Americas __ =

<span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Assignment 14** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">1. The single most important thing I learned was... The Mayans had many achievements.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... How Mayan empire declined

3. What surprised me the most was... Incas living in the mountains.

4. I would like to know more about... The Spanish guy wanting to convert the Mayas to Christians.

5. The part that I think I will always remember was... Incas living in mountains.

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 * Assignment 13**


 * Assignment 12

Assignment 11**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">1. What food did your group produce? Governors must also answer this question using the groups they were responsible for. Sapa Inca doesn't have to answer this question. Our group produced lamas.

2. What happened to the food in each group? All must answer this question and the rest of the questions. When we agreed with Sapa Inca, we had to give up half of our food.

3. Why do you think some groups accepted Inca demands? They might have weak military, and they also could have enough food left even if they give up half of their food.

4. What were the disadvantages to a group that resisted Inca rule?The Inca empire was very large (see map above). Two people were killed and the other two people were were sent to other groups.

5. What groups in the empire would most likely succeed in resisting? The groups who have strong armies and military would most likely to succeed in resisting.

6. How did the Inca leadership style help expand and maintain the empire? He allowed people to join them instead of killing them directly. <span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

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 * Assignment 10**

<span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Assignment 9** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">media type="custom" key="5495921" <span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

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 * Assignment 7**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Perspective 1: The world will end in 2012. Explanation: This link is Mayans' perspective. They looked at the stars and predicted that the world will end. Source: http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/4328.asp
 * Assignment 6**

Perspective 2: The world will not end in 2010 Explanation: He thinks that the Mayans' prediction is wrong. The 'world cycle' will still go on. Source: http://www.dailycommonsense.com/2012-explained-why-it-shouldnt-be-feared/

Perspective 3: People aren't sure if the world is really going to end in 2010 Explanation: He is not sure about the prediction. He doesn't really believe it. Source: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070813153129AAECHN3 (Inferno's comment  )


 * <span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Assignment 5 **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">

1. How much did the ball used in “the ball game” weigh? Balls could weigh as much as 8 pounds. (bowling balls weigh 6 - 16)

2. What sometimes made up the core of the ball? It is made up of human skulls.

3. Give two other Mesoamerican uses of rubber. Shoes and containers.

4. What did the Europeans of the time make balls from? The balls were made from leather.

5. How did Mesoamericans make the balls harder/bouncier? They added morning glories (flowers)

6. What is raw rubber called? It is called as latex.

7. Draw a label diagram (with gear explanation) of a properly dressed ballplayer.

8. What shape was the ball court? It was shaped like the alphabet 'I'.

9. What were the four parts of the court and their purpose? Wall - Allows players to bank the ball in order to keep it in play. End Zones - Playing alley that makes the 'I' shape of the ball court. Playing Alley - Field where the the teams played the game. (often made of plaster or stone) Bench - Place for players and possibly fans to sit.

10. Did women play the game? They are not sure.

11. What happened to the losers of a ball game? They were sacrificed.

12. Sketch (in your notebook) “the loser” and “the priests” from the stone relief at El Tajin.

13. How do you say “he the ballplayer” in Mayan? he the ballplayer is Ah Pitzlaw in Mayan.

14. How old is this sport? 3, 500 years - old.

15. List and briefly explain five similarities between the ballgame and our modern athletic events.

- Both have devoted fans (They focused mainly on the players.) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - There are spaces for the large group to watch the game. ( The space was big, so that people could watch the game.) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Local Rivalry ( People played the game seriously) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - There are half time shows ( There were musics for entertainment.) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Gambling. ( People bet on the players if they will win the game or not. )

16. What do we learn about Mesoamericans from the model? We learn what Mesoamericans wore, the way they spent their time and how they interacted with one another.

17. Where were courts built? They were built in villages.

18. How can we tell that spectators enjoyed themselves? Their arms around one another and amount of spectators tells us they enjoyed themselves

19. How many players were on each team? There were 3 players on each team.

20. What did they hit the ball with? They hit the ball with their hips to keep the game going.

21. Were the losers always killed? The losers were not always killed.


 * <span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Assignment 4 **


 * <span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Assignment 3 **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Primary Source (1)** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">- http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:IRpiz378hTy5FM The building in the picture was used by the Mayans. It looks a little old too.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Primary Source (2)** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">- http://open.salon.com/files/mayan3501255302886.jpg The pyramid built at that time.

- http://www.crystalinks.com/mayanhistory.html The history of the Mayans are written by somebody.
 * Secondary Source (1)**

- http://www.mayankids.com/mkintro.htm It describes the Mayans.
 * Secondary Source (2)**

**<span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Assignment 2 ** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Go to this [|site] and follow the directions for **Step 3**. Use your scribble map according to the directions in class.

= = **<span style="color: #2c2ce8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Assignment 1 ** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Go to this [|site] and follow the directions.

=** __ISLAM__ **= media type="custom" key="4949879" media type="custom" key="4908999" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Assignment 9 **

1. The single most important thing I learned was... **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Muhammad is the messenger of God, and he had spread the message (There is only one God) throughout the world. 2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Why the Meccans were forced to surrender when Muhammad and his followers came back to Mecca. **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 3. What surprised me the most was... **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Angel Gabriel talking to Muhammad. 4. I would like to know more about... **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> I would like to know more about Ali. 5. The part that I think I will always remember was... **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - The Five Pillars. Muslims follows these five duties to show their submission to the will of God. We talked many times about the Five Pillars. 6. How has your view of Muslims and Islam changed? **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> It changed a little bit. I actually did not really know about Islam. But now I knew that Muslims believe in Islam like some people believe in Christianity.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Reflection
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Assignment 8 ** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Islam Virtual Museum Project

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

Assignment 7 ** <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;"> 2.Omar Khayyam || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;"> 1. wrote the first book about the algebra 2. created a very accurate calendar using math and astronomy || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;">1. We still use this numbering system today. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;"> 2. We are able to know the months and dates clearly. || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;"> 2. Ibn Sina || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;">1.identified and described smallpox and measles <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;"> 2. wrote the Canon of Medicine around 1000 || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;">1. Helpful to cure such diseases. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;"> 2. His work was used as a medical reference for 600 years. || How has the work of these Muslim scientists/scholars influenced our lives today? Be clear and specific in your answer. Your answer must be at least five sentences long. ** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The work of <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Muslim scientists and scholars influenced our lives today in many ways. For example, Mathematics, Muslim had made Algebra, which we still learn in school and use them in our daily life. For Medicine, as Al- Razi had identified and described smallpox and measles, it had become much easier for people to cure the others. As for Arts, people became very skilled at calligraphy. And because of al- Biruni's discovery, people everywhere are able to face Mecca while praying. Lastly, people are able to use quatrain well too, which were used as a way to pass on stories of great victories.
 * = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">__**Subject/Area**__ ||= <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">__**Who**__ ||= <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">__**What did he/they do?**__ ||= <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">__**Why useful?**__ ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Mathematics || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;">1. al-Khwarizmi
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Medicine || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 81%;">1. Al- Razi
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Art || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Muslim Artists || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">They became very skilled at calligraphy || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">The Abbasids employed them to decorate everything from buildings to armor. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Astronomy || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">al- Biruni || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">determined the direction of Mecca from any point on earth || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Enabled Muslims everywhere in the empire to fulfill the requirement to pray while facing Mecca. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Literature || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Omar Khayyam || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">He was a master of quatrain || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 89.1%;">Poetry was used as a way to pass on stories of great victories. ||
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Assignment 6 ** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> They set up a hereditary dynasty and they also moved the Muslim capital from Medina to Damascus because it was easier for them to rule the conquered territories.
 * <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">1. Complete this sentence with clear and detailed information. **After the death of Uthman, Ali was finally chosen to be caliph, but __he was assassinated in 661.__ This led to the __end of the system selecting caliph.__
 * 2. What did the Umayyads do after they took over? Be clear and specific.**
 * <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">3. Complete this sentence **<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> Arab Muslims were upset because __they felt Damascus was too far away.__

When Umayyads took power, Muslim community splits. Most Muslims who wanted peace, accepted Umayyads' rule. And they were called Sunnis, meaning the followers of the Sunnah, or followers of Muhammad's example. However, there was the group called Shi'a, who said that anyone related to Muhammad could be the caliph, meaning the 'party' of Ali.
 * 4. How did Islam end up being split into two parts? Be clear and specific.**

The Sunnis said that anyone who were followed Muhammad's example could be the caliph, and for Shi'a, said that anyone related to Muhammad could be the caliph.
 * 5. How does the selection of rulers for the Shi'a and Sunnis differ?**

Christianity divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054 A.D.
 * 6. Can you think of another religion that ended up splitting into two parts? When did this happen?**

They split into two parts because they think differently and have different ideas. So, even though they rejoin each other, they probably will split again.
 * 7. Why do you think these religions that split into two parts never decide to rejoin each other?**

"(Food) forbidden to you are...the flesh of swine and that, on which Allah's name has not been (spoken)"** = Muslims are not allowed to eat pork and they have to pronounce the name of Allah when they are slaughtering an animal or else it will be lawful.
 * <span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Assignment 5 **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * __Quote 1__

"And say to the believing women that they should... not display their beauty... (and) display their beauty only to their husbands, fathers, sons, brothers, other women..."** = Women were allowed to show their beauty to their families but not other people.
 * __Quote 2__

"Satan's plan is (only) to excite hatred between you with intoxicants and gambling, and stop you from remembering Allah and from prayer: Will ye not then abstain?"** = People should stop gambling and drink alcohol because it will make them to forget Allah and prayer.
 * __Quote 3__

"Thy Lord hath decreed that ye worship none but him and that ye be kind to parents. Whether one or both of them attain old age in their life say not to them a word of (disrespect), nor repel them, but (speak) to them in terms of honor."** = Allah said that people should worship him but not other Gods, but still, people have to respect their parents.
 * __Quote 4__

= You may pray wherever you are. <span style="color: #ff5a00; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">**
 * __Quote 5__**
 * "The earth is a mosque for you, so wherever you are at the time of prayer, pray there."**

Assignment 4 ** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Journal 1:** I was told that Muhammad had gotten a message from God. It was that there was only one god. Muhammad, and some other followers, including me, tried to spread the message all over the country. We tried to make people believe in one god.


 * Journal 2:** But, it was very difficult to spread the message. One of the message was that the rich and the poor were all equal. So the wealthy merchants feared that this new religion, believing in only one god, Allah, would hurt their economy. Muhammad and I, tried spreading the message to some poor people.


 * Journal 3** **:** The people started to persecute Muhammad and his followers. Muhammad sent his followers, including me to Yathrib/Medina to protect himself and also his followers. And then he came secretly to Yathrib/Medina after sending us here. Followers of Islam, called this long journey, 'Hijrah' which means great emigration.

<span style="color: #ff5a00; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">** Assignment 3 ** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">**1. What city is at the intersection of six trade routes?** Mecca were the cities at the intersection of six trade routes.

Perfume, Incense and copper are the examples that were produced on the Arabian peninsula.
 * 2. What trade goods were produced on the Arabian peninsula?**

Sea and land routes was connected to Arabia to major trade centers.
 * 3. Why is Arabia's location a good one for trade?**

For local, regional, and long-distance trade. They were near the sea routes.
 * 4. Why did so many settlements near Arabia's western coast become trading centers?**

Oasis supplied water. You can sit down and trade.
 * 5. Why were oases important for trade?**

To worship at an ancient religious shrine called the Kaaba.
 * 6. Why did caravans go to Mecca during certain months?**

The journey to a sacred place.
 * 7. Clearly define 'pilgrimage'.**

Arabian peninsula had sea and land.
 * 8. Explain why so many trade routes developed on the Arabian peninsula.**
 * <span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

Islam Comic ** [|islam comic by sabin lee & Jenny choe]

<span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Assignment 2** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">My perspective about Islam had changed a lot and I was surprised that they have actually no difference with us, people believe in watch cartoons, go to supermarket, go to school and etc. They looked pretty modern also. I did not know that there were that many people who believed in Islam. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 99%; text-align: left;">**1. What kind of climate does the Arabian peninsula have?** It receives little rain and it is covered mainly by deserts.
 * <span style="color: #ff5a00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Assignment 2 **

In the Southern mountains and just north of the peninsula in present- day Syria and Iraq.2
 * 2. Where is it possible to farm on the Arabian peninsula?**

Arab herders are called Bedouins. A group of people who have no set home but move from place to place.
 * 3. What are Bedouins****? What are nomads****?**

They look for water and grazing land for their herds.
 * 4. What do Bedouins look for?**

__Landscape__ **>> dessert** they must cross, the amount of rainfall and the availability of an oasis.
 * 5. What three things affect Bedouins routes (paths)?**

Bedouins interact with the people who settle at oasis and they trade.
 * 6. What is an oasis** **and what do Bedouins do there?**

They are a group of people who share a common ancestor.
 * 7. What are clans?**

Clan is its own unit of government they also provide security and support.
 * 8. How are clans organized?**

They were very good fighters and they became the __core__**(center, the main part of the army)** of the armies that would help Muslim Empire.
 * 9. How important were Bedouins in the creation of the Muslim Empire?**

= = = = =__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">ANCIENT ROME __=

<span style="color: #0c7d0c; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Assignment 11** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The single most important thing I learned was that Constantine changed the capital of Rome to Byzantium and he had actually named it Constanipole after his name. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was how the people living outside the Rome would have felt being called as a 'barbarian' from the Romans. What surprised me the most was that Constantine had made the Christianity lawful. I would like to know more about what happened after the Roman Empire collapsed, and whether it had affected the other countries a lot. The part I think I would always remember is that Romans crucified the people who was Christians, they were very cruel.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 10** __Political__ After Pax Romana, the peace which had lasted for about 200 years in Rome had gone. The barbarians attacked Rome along it's borders. At that time, no one seemed to be able to govern such a large region. As Rome becomes weaker, the people started be disrespectful toward their emperor, instead they gave their loyalty to their generals.

__Social__ The patricians treated plebeians badly. There were a huge gap between the rich and the poor.

__Economic__ The taxes increased, people have difficulties in buying things. Also, it's hard to build things, because people will need money for buildings. Later on, they do not trade anymore which means less power and less wealth.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 9** 1. They were hunted as criminals, it was against law to believe in Jesus. 2. In Rome, the people usually goes to hell, God go to heaven. But in Christianity, if people do good things, they go to heaven, every one is equal. 3. About 300 years. 4. Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was legal and that Christians would no longer be persecuted for their believes.

5. Augustus was the emperor. 6. Judea 7. Jesus was eventually crucified. It was because the Jewish did not believe that Jesus was the son of God, and so they did not like him going around telling people that. The Jewish leaders asked the Roman governor of the province, Pontius Pilate to get rid of Jesus. They were afraid that Jesus might be leading a rebellion against Rome. Pontius Pilate ordered ordered his soldiers to hang Jesus to a cross until he was dead. This way of killing people was a normal Roman punishment for criminals.

8. plunder: take things by force 9. barbarian: uncivilized people 10. Diocletian: The Roman emperor, in 284. He divided Rome into two, Eastern ans Western empire.

3. Taxes were too high, creating hardships for citizens, a decline in agriculture also weakened the empire. 4. He tried to solve the problem by dividing Rome into two parts, east and west. He kept prices low. 5. The Roman empire collapsed, the Germanic tribes 6. The city was well placed for defense and trade. 7. The Romans looked down on the Germanic peoples but also feared them.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 8** 1. Army: The Roman army became the greatest fighters in the world. There were about 300,000 men. They guarded the empire's frontiers 2. Construction: Built roads, bridges, and tunnels that helped tie the empire together. 3. Navy: It patrolled the Mediterranean Sea. 4. Areas of Control: From **Britain** in the North to **Egypt** in the South and from __**Spain**__ in the East to **Syria** in the West. 5. Trade (three __**different**__ examples)- Roman traders brought back //**olive oil from Spain**// and: a. **Grain** from **Egypt** b. **Marble** from **Athens** c. **Metals** from **Spain** 6. Currency: Having a common currency across the empire was helpful because when trading, they could buy and sell without changing their money into another currency.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 6** //1.// The expansion of the Roman Republic affected people's lives because it made the riches to ignore the poor. The riches became more wealthier. //2.// Hortensia strongly believed that military expansion of the Roman Republic helped Rome, because she believes that women have more rights than the men and when they expands Rome, women will gain more power. //3.// Teberius Gracchus. He thought that military expansion will harm the small farmers. 4. If the wealthy ones want to control the people, they will want just one person 5. There are always many point of view, so we need to know all the sides to understand.

**Assignment 5** Italia Italy Asia Asia (Turkey) Africa Africa

I am from Galia. The Romans don't really like us, and we too do not like them. More than 100 years ago, to build a huge empire, the Romans invaded our territory and the Romans think that they are just so much better than us, the Barbarians. Sometimes some of our people pick a fight with the Romans, but we are no match against them.
 * 2. Where are you from and how were the Romans able to conquer you?**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**3. What are two consequences of your defeat?** I will either be sold as a slave to a rich Roman citizen or be sent to work in the mines.

The weaker friends die because of the hunger, disease and the beatings for the long journey.
 * 4. On the way back to Rome, some of your friends have died. Why?**

I will be passed on to a slave- dealer, who buys and sells slaves. The salve- dealer asks people to call out prices and he will sell me to the person who pays the most.
 * 5. What happens to you in the market?**

I will be trained to become a gladiator. I could have had worse jobs like - mining, quarrying, rowing and farming. I am happy that I have become the been chosen to be the Gladiator.
 * 6. What will you become? What could you have become? Which is better?**

My favorite staff is the cook. He will prepare porridge for me when I am tired and hungry.
 * 7. Who is your favorite person on staff? Why?**

I would like to be a Mirmillo. I think they are most protected, most armed. I will have a less chance of dying.
 * 8. Which gladiator do you want to be? Why?**

They will be entertained while the warm- up fight, and gambling.
 * 9. How will the crowd be entertained?**

I will get rest at midday.
 * 10. When can you have a rest?**

By raising one finger on my left finger.
 * 11. How do you appeal to the emperor?**

If the crowd holds their thumbs up I will be allowed to live, and if they turn their thumbs to the ground, I will die.
 * 12. What happens to you?**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 4** Already, I am 64 years old, I rather choose death by taking the poison in my ring, than to die in Romans hand.......
 * 1st..** I am so angry with the Romans..! They are being so cruel... I promised my dad that I will someday, when I become an adult, I will fight the Romans and make them pay back all the lives they had cost!
 * 2nd..** I have learned many skills from my father and also from his men. After my father had passed away, I have been chosen to be the new general of Spain, and I am 26 years old now. I think this is the time to destroy the Romans.
 * 3rd..** I have planned how to destroy the Romans. I will bring 90000 soldiers, 12000 cavalry and 37 elephants from Spain, and I will go through the Gaul, over the Alps to Italy and then capture Rome. They will have definitely not expected any kind of attacks like this.
 * 4th..** Scipio, the Roman general had suddenly decided to attacked Carthage, and I had to go back and help my people. I have traveled for a very long time, and while traveling I had lost so many men and elephants... and I had to go back and help my country.

They did not like to have any harsh rules to the conquered people, and they were also allowed to govern themselves.
 * Assignment ** ** 3 **
 * 1. According to our textbook, as Rome expanded, how did it treat the people it conquered? Be specific.**

It was against Carthage
 * 2. Who were the Punic Wars against?**

The Romans won all three Punic Wars. But they almost lost in the second war.
 * 3. Who won all three Punic Wars?**

He tried to capture Rome by crossing through the Alps with many men, riding elephants.
 * 4. How did Hannibal try to capture Rome in the second Punic War?**

The Roman general Scipio's plan forced him to return to Carthage.
 * 5. How was Hannibal forced to return to Carthage?**

Rome laid seige to Carthage, Rome finally captured and destroyed the city.
 * 6. What did Rome do to Carthage in 146 B.C.E.? Why do you think the Romans did this?**

They got great wealth and many slaves, but it caused poverty, because of the unemployment.
 * 7. What were the results of the Roman expansion? Give specific positive and negative examples.**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 2**
 * 1. What were the differences between being a patrician or a plebeian?**
 * Patricians are the upper class, the small group of wealthy landowners who believed their ancestors had been the first to settle in Rome. Plebeians are the lower class of Roman citizen. They were mostly peasants laborers, artisans and shopkeepers. **

Instead of a king, a body of 300 men, called Senate, and there were two councils, they were elected to run the country.
 * 2****. After Rome overthrew the Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus, they set up a republic. How did this form of government work?**

The Roman society is more democratic.
 * 3. How is Rome's republican government different that what we have in Korea, the United States, or England today?**

Plebeians demanded more political rights for themselves.
 * 4. What was the Conflict of Orders and what did the Plebeians do in protest?**

The Patricians allowed the plebeians to elect 10 officials called Tribunes of the Plebs, to represent plebeian interests to the Senate.
 * 5. What changes were made to the government to resolve this conflict and placate (make happy) the plebeians?**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **Assignment 1** The southern of Italy.
 * 1. What part of Italy did the Greeks control?**

Rome is flat but Greece is mountainous.
 * 2. How was Rome's geography different from that of Greece?**

Rome was on the spot where there were mild climates ad good farmland. It was also located a short distance from the Mediterranean Sea of ancient trade routes. Rome was also surrounded by mountains, and water.
 * 3. What natural/geographic advantages did Rome have?**

It was easier for the Romans to travel than the Greeks, because their land is much flatter then theirs.
 * 4. Why do you think the Romans were able to unify their peninsula and the Greeks could not?**

Rome was founded by the twins, Romulus and Remus. They fought over Rome's location. At last, Romulus killed his brother and he rules over Rome.
 * 5. According to Roman mythology, how was Rome founded? What was the real story of how Rome was founded?**

Romans became a republic country.
 * 6. Why is 509 BCE an important date in Roman history?**

A republic country is where power is held by the people or the representatives that they elect.
 * 7. Define the term "republic."**