Tabbara+SS+C+-+Jessica

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 * The Middle Ages **

Source: Online Textbook pages 481-482 (also read captions of the images)
 * Assignment 9

Answer these questions on your wiki page with **clear **and** complete **details.**

The bubonic plaguw was the plague that struck western Eurasia during the mid-1300s. The symptoms of the disease were severe chills, fever, convulsions, vomiting, and also development of dark spots and swollen glands on their skin. Though it is impossible to know for certain, scholars believe that the plague spread by land along trade routes and sea routes from Asia to Europe. Rats carrying infected fleas moved with the merchants along the routs, and the merchants eventually brought the plague to Europe. The bubonic plague had killed 20 to 30 million people by 1400. Christians believed that the disease was a punishment for sin, and Muslims thought that the plague as testing their faith in God. While there was much chaos, wars and trade stopped. Since many European workers died during the plague, the surviving laborers were able to demand higher wages. This weakened feudalism since many workers began to migrate to place where there were higher salaries. Last but not least, many Jews were driven out of German towns because they were accused of causing the bubonic plague by poisoning the water wells.
 * 1) __What was the bubonic plague and what were the symptoms?__
 * 1) __How did the plague travel from Asia to Europe?__
 * 1) __Describe the widespread effects of the bubonic plague.__

Assignment 5 Explore this castle and choose five areas (except Dragonsville) of the castle. For each area: __Guardroom__ -Area where soldiers who guard and protect the castle live -Shelter or place where the soldiers guarding the castle would be kept -Not very clean/ Packed of soldiers and workers
 * explain what the area is
 * how it was used
 * what life was like in that part of the castle

__Stable__ -Area where horses and animals were kept -It was used as the shelter for the horses and where other animals could be kept -Since it was a shelter for animals, wouldn't have been very clean

__Kitchen__ -Area where all of the food was made for everyone who lived at the castle -Was used as a place where cooks made food for all of the staff and people in the castle -Since there were many people living in the castle, must have been very busy and hot

__Dungeon__ -Area where prisoners were kept -Was used as a prison where convicts who were way too dangerous to stay in the towers were kept -Would have been very dirty and foul

__Gatehouse__ -Area where soldiers were on lookout for any unwelcome guests -Was always full of soldiers on lookout 24 hours a day, soldiers armed with weapons from getting attacked -Must have been very cold in the winter, and hot in the summer

Assignment 2 In the "Dark Ages", the barbarians were constantly fighting for land in bloodshed wars. They were enemies against each other. So, they were probably not friendly towards each other.
 * __1. Since these barbarian tribes were in the "Dark Ages", do you think they were friendly towards each other? Why or why not?__

__2. Name two tribes and the modern European nations (or parts of modern nations) they used to control.__ The Ostrogoths used to control what is now Italy, and the Visigoths controlled modern day Spain.

__2. One of the tribes we didn't study was called the Merovingians. Who were the Merovingians? (Use source 1 to answer this question.)__ The Merovingians were a tribe in which the people settled in lands which is now Germany and France.

__3. Who was Clovis and why was his conversion to Christianity important in history? (Use source 2)__ Clovis was a Merovingian king. He had been a brutal warrior that converted to the religion of Christianity. He encouraged his people to convert to his new belief, and defended Christianity from invading Muslims. **

Assignment 1 __1. What is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages?__ "The Dark Age" is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages.

__2. What is the Latin name for the Middle Ages?__ The Latin name for the Middle Ages is "medieval."

__3. Why do you think the Middle Ages are often called the "**Dark** Ages"? What was the only hope for people during these difficult times?__ The Middle Ages are often called the "Dark Ages" because at the time, life was very hard for the people. Very few people could read or write, and everything was rolling in chaos. The only hope for the people was their strong belief in Christianity.

__4. While Europe was in the "Dark Ages", what was happening in the rest of the world?__ During the "Dark Ages" in Europe, other countries like sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, the Americas, and more were flourishing in art, science, and more.

__5. How long did the "Dark Ages" last and what year did they end?__ The "Dark Ages lasted for about 974 years, ending at 1450 CE.

__6. What does Renaissance mean and what happened during this time?__ Renaissance means "rebirth". During this time, Columbus had sailed to America, literacy spread, scientists made great discoveries, art flourished, and more.

The Americas

Assignment 14 __Now that we are finished learning about civilizations of the Americas, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. Please complete these sentences__ __clearly__ **__and with__** __specific details__**__. Write the answers on your wiki page.__

1. The single most important thing I learned was... The single most important thing I learned were the fascinating achievements made by the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. They had invented so many things that were very advanced at the time, excelling in architecture, astronomy, math, and more.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... Something that confused me was why the Mayas suddenly disappeared. I am very curious, and it doesn't make sense to me why they suddenly abandoned their lovely city full of great architecture and achievements.

3. What surprised me the most was... What surprised me the most was how the Spanish conquerers burned all of the Mayan books. It is very sad how there are only a few books left for us to learn about their civilization, and I believe it was very arrogant of the Spanish to destroy books full of great science and accomplishments.

4. I would like to know more about... I would like to know more about the civilizations' architecture. It fascinates me to hear and see the great buildings and architecture existed in the mountains.

5. The part that I think I will always remember was... The part I think I will always remember is the Maya's ball game, Pok-A-Tok. This is because it is very interesting to learn that the Maya had had a complicated game with detailed rules and regulations. Also, it was very shocking when I heard the losers were sacrificed.**

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Assignment 11 Directions: The following questions are related to our Inca rule simulation. Please answer the questions clearly **and with** details **on your wiki page.

1. What food did your group produce? Governors must also answer this question using the groups they were responsible for. Sapa Inca doesn't have to answer this question. Our group produced potatoes.

2. What happened to the food in each group? All must answer this question and the rest of the questions. If we agreed to join their empire, we had to give our governor a certain amount of potatoes.

3. Why do you think some groups accepted Inca demands? I think some groups accepted Inca demands because they knew they would be killed if they didn't.

4. What were the disadvantages to a group that resisted Inca rule? If the group resisted Inca rule, they were killed, and had to go to the cemetery.

5. The Inca empire was very large ( see map above ). What groups in the empire would most likely succeed in resisting? Groups who had very strong armies, or good at negotiating would most likely succeed in resisting.

6. How did the Inca leadership style help expand and maintain the empire? Even though there wasn't any other choice, the Inca empire let the groups choose whether or not they would join the empire. They didn't attack the groups, which also led to a happier life in the empire.**

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Assignment 9 media type="custom" key="5511297"

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Assignment 6 Perspective 1: The world will end in 2012. Explanation: The world will probably end in 2012. It is believed that the world ends and recreates itself over and over again, and December 21st of 2012 is no exception. Source: []

Perspective 2: The world will not end in 2012 Explanation: In this perspective, the person believes that the world probably won't end in 2012. He/she believes the "end of the world" is actually referring to a cycle, transiting into an emerging New World Age to come. Source: []

Perspective 3: The world will end, but not exactly on 2012 Explanation: One day, the world will come to an end. However, it does not mean it will end in the year 2012! Source: []

//Answer questions from four sections of “explore the ball game”// __1. How much did the ball used in “the ball game” weigh?__ The balls would weigh as much as 8 pounds, which is the about the weight of a watermelon.
 * Assignment 5**

__2. What sometimes made up the core of the ball?__ Sometimes, the balls had human skulls in their core.

__3. Give two other Mesoamerican uses of rubber.__ Mesoamerican also used rubber to make shoes and tools.

__4. What did the Europeans of the time make balls from?__ Europeans made balls out of leather.

__5. How did Mesoamericans make the balls harder/bouncier?__ The Mesoamericans made the balls hollow in the inside, which made it more bouncier and lighter. They also added "morning glories" (flowers).

__6. What is raw rubber called?__ Raw, liquid rubber is called "latex".

__7. Draw a label diagram (with gear explanation) of a properly dressed ballplayer.__

__8. What shape was the ball court?__ The court was shaped like a capitol letter "I".

__9. What were the three parts of the court and their purpose?__ The three parts were playing alley, wall, and end zones. The walls were steep stone walls that allowed the players to bank the ball in order to keep it in play. The playing alley is the field of the game. It was often made of plaster or stone.

__10. Did women play the game?__ Women playing the game is still a mystery for us. Archeologists have found many artifacts of women ballplayers, but they are not certain if they were only actors in the ceremony.

__11. What happened to the losers of a ball game?__ Though it didn't happen in every game, the losers were sometimes sacrificed.

__12. Sketch (in your notebook) “the loser” and “the priests” from the stone relief at El Tajin.__

__13. How do you say “the ball player” in Mayan?__ "Ah Pitzlaw" means "he the ballplayer" in Mayan.

__14. How old is this sport?__ Archeologists believe this sport is 3,500 years old.

__15. List and briefly explain five similarities between the ballgame and our modern athletic events.__ Five similarities were the devoted fans, sports arenas, local rivalry, half-time shows, and gambling. Both then and now, it was necessary for the fans to become interested in the players and the game. They were all watched by large groups of people in great architectural spaces. The rival teams had had warlike competitions in order to win. Also, music and dancing were also part of the games' entertainment. Last but not least, there were lots of gambling between the people.

__16. What do we learn about Mesoamericans from the model?__ We can learn what the Mesoamericans wore, the way they spent their time, and how they interacted with one another.

__17. Where were courts built?__ The courts were built in the villages.

__18. How can we tell that spectators enjoyed themselves?__ Spectators can tell that they really enjoyed themselves because we can see that the people have their arms around others in the artifacts. Also, they are wearing simple clothing. There were people also playing drums, as if cheering for the players in the game.

__19. How many players were on each team?__ There were 3 players in each team.

__20. What did they hit the ball with?__ They hit the ball with their hips, trying to keep it in play

__21. Were the losers always killed?__ The losers weren't always sacrifice.

Assignment 4 __Explorer Journal Keynote:__

//__Primary Source:__// [] - Photo of Mayan Pyramid =This is a primary source because it is a pyramid that was actually part of the Mayan civilization when it existed. [] - Photo of Mayan Art =This is a primary source because it is a painting on a wall that was drawn by the Mayan people while their civilization existed.
 * Assignment 3**

//__Secondary Source:__// [] - Drawing of Mayan Calendar =This is a secondary source because it is a drawing of a Mayan calendar. So, it is based on a primary source. [] - Website of Mayan Civilization =This is a secondary source because the website was created by using primary sources about the Mayan civilization.

Islam media type="custom" key="5222631" media type="custom" key="5222615" Assignment 9 Now that we are finished learning about Islam, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about Islam and Islamic civilization. Please complete these sentences clearly and with specific details. Write the answers on your wiki page.

__1. The single most important thing I learned was...__ The single most important thing I learned was about Islamic culture, and the daily life of a Muslim.

__2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was...__ I did not understand why people weren't allowed to draw Muhammad in any drawings or sculptures.

__3. What surprised me the most was...__ I was surprised by the amount of inventions the Muslims invented. Without some of the inventions, our daily lives would be very different.

__4. I would like to know more about...__ I would like to learn more about the revelation of Islam, when Angel Gabriel came to Muhammad while he was meditating in a cave.

__5. The part that I think I will always remember was...__ The part that I think I will always remember is how the followers of Muhammad were violently persecuted by the Meccans.

__6. How has your view of Muslims and Islam changed?__ The image of terrorism disappeared. Now, I can see that they are people with great culture and beliefs in Islam.

Assignment 7 2.Omar Khayyam || 1. borrowed the numerical system and zero from Indian scholars, creating the Arabic numbering system 2. created a very accurate calendar using math and astronomy || 1. We still use this numbering system today. 2. Can keep track of time || 2. Ibn Sina || 1.identified and described smallpox and measles 2. wrote the //Canon of Medicine//, organizing all known medical knowledge || 1. helped treating people with the illnesses 2. His work was used as a medical reference for 600 years || The work of these Muslim scientists and scholars influenced us with mathematics, medicine, art, astronomy, and literature. For mathematics, we still use the Arabic numbering system, which was created by a Muslim. The use in medicine also influenced us because Al-Razi identified and described smallpox and measles, helping us learn more about the illnesses. Art from the Muslims also influenced us because calligraphy is still very famous nowadays. As for astronomy, Muslims are still required to pray facing towards Mecca. Last but not least, literature influenced us because we still write poetry that has rhyming like the quatrains. **
 * = __**Subject/Area**__ ||= __**Who**__ ||= __**What did he/they do?**__ ||= __**Why useful?**__ ||
 * Mathematics || 1. al-Khwarizmi
 * Medicine || 1. Al- Razi
 * Art || Muslim Artists || became very skilled in calligraphy, the art of fine handwriting || decorated everything from buildings to armor ||
 * Astronomy || al-Biruni || determined the direction of Mecca from any point on earth || enabled Muslims everywhere in the empire to fulfill the requirement to pray while facing Mecca ||
 * Literature || Omar Khayyam || wrote quatrains (four-lined poem where the first, second and fourth line rhymes || Poetry was used as a way to pass on stories of great victories. ||
 * How has the work of these Muslim scientists/scholars influenced our lives today? Be clear and specific in your answer. Your answer must be at least five sentences long:

media type="custom" key="5222617" [|Click here for full screen version]

__1. Complete this sentence with clear and detailed information:__ After the death of Uthman, Ali was finally chosen to be the caliph, but //he was assassinated in 661//. This led to the end of //the system of// c //hoosing caliphs.//
 * Assignment 6**

__2. What did the Umayyads do after they took over? Be clear and specific.__ After taking over, they set up a heredity dynasty, meaning rulers coming from one family and inheriting the right to rule. Also, they moved the Muslim capitol from Medina to Damascus, a newly conquered city that used to be part of the Byzantine Empire.

__3. Complete this sentence:__ Arav Muslims were upset because //Damascus, the new capitol, was too far away.//

__4. How did Islam end up being split into two parts? Be clear and specific.__ After the Umayyads took over, most Muslims accepted their rule because they wanted peace. They were called Sunnis, meaning followers of the Sunnah, or followers of Muhammad's example. However, some resisted because they believed that they should continue to pick caliphs. These people were called Shi'a, meaning the "party" of Ali.

__5. How does the selection of ruler for the Shi'a and Sunnis differ?__ The Sunnis followed the ruler who best reflects Muhammad's example and message of peacefulness. However, the Shi'a chose people who was some how related to Muhammad.

__6. Can you think of another religion that ended up splitting into two parts? When did this happen?__ Christianity also ended up splitting, dividing into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054 A.D.

__7. Why do you think these religions that split into two parts never decide to rejoin each other?__ I think they never decide to rejoin each other because they both have different beliefs, and they wouldn't have split otherwise. Also, as time passed, the two religions would have too much differences.

//Quote 1:// __"(Food) forbidden to you are...the flesh of__ [|swine]__, and that, on which__ [|Allah's name has not been (spoken)]__."__ This quote is telling the Muslims that eating pork or pig is forbidden. Also killing animals without the Halal Process was forbidden, like purposely not pronouncing the name of Allah at the time of slaughter of an animal, or performing the slaughter at madness or drunkenness.
 * Assignment 5**

//Quote 2:// __"And say to the believing women that they should...__ [|not display their beauty]__... (and) display their beauty only to their husbands, fathers, sons, brothers, other women..."__ This quote is telling the Muslims that the women are not allowed to show their body, or whatever counted as physical beauty. They were only allowed to show their beauty to their husbands, fathers, sons, brothers, and other women.

//Quote 3:// __"Satan's plan is (only) to excite hatred between you with__ [|intoxicants]__and gambling, and stop you from remembering Allah and from prayer: Will ye not then__ [|abstain]__?"__ Drinking and gambling would be considered unlawful, and was believed that it would stop you from remembering to pray to Allah.

//Quote 4:// __"Thy Lord hath decreed that ye worship none but him and that ye be kind to parents. Whether one or both of them attain old age in their life say not to them a word of (disrespect), nor__ [|repel]__them, but (speak) to them in terms of honor."__ This quote was telling the Muslims that worship should only be towards Allah himself, and no one else. However, they should still be kind to their parents, and not speak to them with disrepect, nor fight back, and treat them with honor.

//Quote 5:// __"The earth is a mosque for you, so wherever you are at the time of prayer, pray there."__ This is a quote telling the Muslims that the earth is always open for praying and worshipping Allah. So, whenever and wherever you are, you should always pray there at the time of prayer.

//Journal Entry:// __1. 613 A.D__ : Today Muhammad told his friends and families that Allah had talked to him by an angel named Gabriel. The message is that there is only one god, the Allah, and that everyone should be treated equally. Since I am his best friend, I was one of the first person he told. I believe Muhammad, and I believe that the message he is trying to spread is very righteous.
 * Assignment 4**

__2. 622 A.D__ : Persecution has started upon Muhammad and his followers. I am scared that something might happen to Muhammad, my best friend, and all of the other people who believe in his message. Last week, one of our friends and follower of Muhammad, was killed from torture. He was stretched until death. How could they be so brutal? I don't get it. We are all equals, and should be all treated equally.

__3. 622 A.D__ : Lots of people who follow Muhammad are being tortured, some until death. The rich Meccans are afraid of the message of how everyone should be treated equally, and how they could loose all of their money. To stop our beliefs, the persecutions are becoming more and more brutal. Immediately, Muhammad told us, which consisted about 60 separate families, to move to a place called Yathrib (Medina). He promised that he would later, after he fixed some things out. He told us that the people in Yathrib would protect us from the rich Meccans and the persecution.

Assignment 3 __1. What city is at the intersection of six trade routes?__ Mecca is the intersection of six trading routes.

__2. What trade goods were produced on the Arabian peninsula?__ In the Arabian peninsula, trade goods like copper, perfume, and incense were produced.

__3. Why is Arabia's location a good one for trade?__ It is good for trade because it is surrounded by many other nations to trade with, and was also near sea routes.

__4. Why did so many settlements near Arabia's western coast become trading centers?__ So many settlements near Arabia's wester coast became trading centers because they were near the sea routes, making it easier for traders to trade.

__5. Why were oases important for trade?__ In the oases, there was water for the traders, and there were other traders to trade with.

__6. Why did__ [|caravans] __go to Mecca during certain months?__ Caravans, whom are travelers journeying together, went to Mecca to worship certain gods at the

__7. Clearly define 'pilgrimage'.__ A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy or sacred place.

__8. Explain why so many trade routes developed on the Arabian peninsula.__ The Arabian peninsula was the "center" of other nations, which made it crucial for trading, and it was close to sea routes.

2nd: [|estherjessica islam2.mov] Jessica Um/ Esther Kim- [|esther kim.mov]
 * Islam comic**

The Arabian peninsula has arid climate, with little rain, making only a small part of the land useful for farming.
 * Assignment 2**
 * __//1. What kind of climate does the Arabian peninsula have?//__

__//2. Where is it possible to farm on the Arabian peninsula?//__ Land that is useful for farming is in the southern mountains, and just north of the peninsula which is currently Syria and Iraq.

//__3. What are Bedouins? What are nomads?__// Bedouins are Arab herders who adapted their lives to the arid land. Nomads are people who move from place to place instead of just settling permanently.

__//4. What do Bedouins look for?//__ They look for water and land for grazing for their herds.

__//5. What three things affect Bedouins routes (paths)?//__ Three things that affect Bedouins' routes are the landscape they must cross, the amount of rainfall, and the availability of an oasis.

__//6. What is an oasis and what do Bedouins do there?//__ An oasis is a desert area with water. The Bedouins interact with the people who settled there.

__//7. What are clans?//__ Clans are a group of people who share a common ancestor.

__//8. How are clans organized?//__ Each Bedouin clan is its own unit of government, and each clan shares a common ancestor.

//__9. How important were Bedouins in the creation of the Muslim Empire?__// Since they had good fighting skills, they became the core of armies in the Muslim Empire. **

Assignment 1
 * What surprised me that most is that there were lots of things that were invented in Islam, not just in Europe and the United States. However what surprised me more is that lots of the inventions or ideas of the Europeans and Americans were "stolen" from the Islamic people. Also, something that changed my perspective about Islam is that when I heard the word "Islamic", the idea of terrorism popped into my head, even though I knew it is not true. However, after looking at all of the different pictures, I found out that some of the places have pretty modern environments, and that lots of the people wore pretty modern clothes like us. **

 Now that we are finished with ancient Rome, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about ancient Rome. Please complete these sentences clearly and with specific details. Write the answers on your wiki page.
 * __Ancient Rome__ **
 * __Assignment 11__**

__1. The single most important thing I learned was...__ In my opinion, the most important thing I have learned is all of the different perspectives of people about military expansion in Rome. I have always thought that military expansion was good for Rome, but after hearing different perspectives, and how hard some people had to live, my thoughts and opinions changed.

__2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was...__ Something that confused me the most is why Nero made his horse a consul. I do not understand him because a horse can not talk and act like a proper consul, and it would make the Roman government stumble. Nero surely proved himself to be one of Rome's most craziest emperors.

__3. What surprised me the most was...__ What surprised me the most was how crazy some of the emperors in the Roman empire were. Some of them were just plain crazy, which was kind of funny in a way, but I also felt pity for the citizens, and how much they had to suffer under these "emperors".

__4. I would like to know more about...__ I would like to know more about the Roman emperors, and more about some of the crazy kings they had. I enjoyed listening to how crazy they were, and it was kind of funny. On the other hand, there were also many good kings, who made lots of achievements, and had a good life as a emperor. Also, I found it quite amazing how so many emperors ruled in a very short time.

__5. The part that I think I will always remember was...__ The part that I think I will always remember was how the Roman empire collapsed. I will remember how the whole empire was divided into two, and how that actually helped the empire eventually collapse. I will always remember because one way or another, in my opinion, Rome was eventually going to collapse, and I think how the Roman empire actually did collapse was very interesting to learn about.

Assignment 10 __Political Reasons (__ //__government/ power__// __)__ - There were many emperors who ruled poorly during unstable times of attacks from other nations. - Soldiers felt little loyalty towards Rome, and instead gave their loyalty to their generals. - Barbarians attacked Rome. - Land was too big so that even though there were problems, Rome could not do anything about it because it took to long to send the message.

__Economic Reasons ( //money/ who has money/ trade// )__ - The political problems caused trade with other countries to stop. - The Roman money began to lose value. - The food prices rose dramatically. - Provinces were putting a great financial strain on Rome. - Egypt is growing wheat, and selling them cheaper than Italy, making the farmers in Italy to fall. - As Rome split into two, the western part was left with no money.

__Social Reasons ( //people// )__ - The gap between the wealthy and poor became even larger than before. - Many small farmers' land were taken away by wealthy. - The number of poor people rose as life was getting harder in Rome.

Assignment 9 //A. Using website 1, answer these questions in complete sentences on your wiki page.//

__1. How were Christians treated in Rome? Why?__ Christians were treated as criminals because they in only one God, and they refused to believe in the Roman gods, which was against the law.

__2. Why did Christianity appeal to the poor?__ Christianity offered heaven after you died, and equality to everyone. Life after heaven was good because it was believed that only gods and emperors went to heaven and everyone else went to the underworld in the Roman religion.

__3. How long were Christians__ persecuted __? (Click on the word to read its meaning.)__ The Christians were persecuted for nearly 300 years until 313 CE.

__4. How did Christianity become legal in Rome?__ In 313 CE, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was legal and that the Christians would no longer be persecuted for believing in their religion.

//B. Using website 2, answer these questions in complete sentences on your wiki page.//

__5. Who was Roman emperor when Jesus was born?__ It is believed that Jesus was born during when Emperor Augustus reigned at about 4 BCE.

__6. Jesus was born in what we now call Israel. What was the name of this Roman province before we started calling it Israel? Use your map for this question.__ What we call now Israel used to be Judaea.

__7. Clearly explain why Jesus was eventually crucified. Make sure to include all the important details. Your answer should be at least five sentences long.__ Jesus told many people that they would go to either Heaven or Hell, and believing in God was one of the most important ways of getting into Heaven after you died. Jesus acted like a holy man, and he wouldn't take money for anything he did for people. He went around healing the ill wearing simple clothes. However, the Jewish leaders did not believe that Jesus was the son of God, and did not appreciate that he was going around telling people so. Also, they were afraid that Jesus was leading a rebellion. They asked Pontius Pilate, whom was the Roman governor, to kill Jesus. Jesus was hung from a cross until he died.

//C. Read your online textbook pages 280-285, and explain these words on your wiki page.//

8. plunder- to steal or take things by force 9. barbarian- people who are uncivilized and primitive 10. Diocletian- a Roman Emperor who ordered to divide Rome into two

//Now answer question #3 to #7 from page 285. Put your answers on your wiki page (Note: Don't forget to scroll down on page 285 to see questions 3 to 7)

__#3 What internal problems were faced by the Roman Empire?__ Land growth stopped, causing taxes to rise and making life harder for the poor. The Roman military hired foreign mercenary, and the government officials were corrupt, seeking only to enrich themselves. __#4 How did Diocletian try to solve the empire's problems?__ He permanently placed troops at the empire's borders and made economic reforms, like help feeding the poor and keeping the prices low on bread. Also, he divided the Roman empire into two. __#5 Why is 476 considered an important date in Roman history?__ It is an important date in Roman history because it is when the Western Roman Empire was conquered be the Germanic tribes. __#6 How did moving the capital from Rome to Constantinople in the east weaken the western part of the empire?__ It signaled a shift in power from the western part of Rome to the east. __#7 Why didn't the Romans make the Germanic peoples their allies?__ The Romans considered the Germanic people barbarians, primitive and uncivilized people. //

__**Assignment 8**__
 * What great achievements were made during the Pax Romana? In complete sentences, __clearly explain__ each achievement.**

1. __Army__ : Under Augustus, almost 300,000 men served in the army, and they became the greatest fighting force in the world at the time. 2. __Construction__ : The Romans built roads, bridges, and tunnels that tied Rome together. Also, Augustus rebuilt many old brick buildings with structures made of marble. 3. __Navy__ : Augustus made a navy that controlled the Mediterranean Sea, which helped Rome make its power and influence felt throughout the Mediterranean world. 4. __Areas of Control__ : From __**Britain**__ in the North to __**Africa**__ in the South and from __**Spain**__ in the East to __**Mesopotamia**__ in the West.

5. Trade (three __**different**__ examples)- Roman traders brought back //**olive oil from Spain**// and: a. __Timber__ from __Syria__ b. __Wild animals__ from __Gaul__ c. __Grain__ from __Egypt__

6. Currency: Having a common currency across the empire was helpful because **people were able to buy and sell things without changing their money into other currency**.

1.-Britannia (Britain) -Italia (Italy) -Mesopotamia (Iraq)  __2. Where are you from and how were the Romans able to conquer you?__ I am from a village Gallia, where the Romans conquered us by wearing armor, and following a carefully worked out battle plan.
 * __Assignment 5__**

__3. What are two consequences of your defeat?__ Two consequences are that you cannot see your home and family again, and that all of your jewelry will be taken away by the Romans.

__4. On the way back to Rome, some of your friends have died. Why?__ Some of the weaker slaves died from hunger, diseases, and beatings along the way from Gallia to Rome.

__5. What happens to you in the market?__ The surviving slaves and I are passed to a slave-dealer, who sells and buys slaves. I stand in a platform, where people call out prices, and the highest price can buy me. I am bought by a wealthy Roman.

__6. What will you become? What could you have become? Which is better?__ I will become a gladiator. I could have become a worker instead, a worker who works in mines, quarries, farms, or rowing the Roman navy's fighting ships. I think that becoming a worker would have been better. That is because if you were a worker, you wouldn't at least be killed in a battle field, and you could also make friends while you are working.

__7. Who is your favorite person on staff? Why?__ My favorite is the doctor. (S)he is me favorite because they are the ones that treats your wounds when you get hurt badly.

__8. Which gladiator do you want to be? Why?__ I would like to be a Essedarius, because you would be able to move swiftly with your chariot, as long as the horses are unharmed.

__9. How will the crowd be entertained?__ They will be entertained by watching you fight with another gladiator, and gabbling on who they think is going to win.

__10. When can you have a rest?__ You can have a rest if you survive until midday, where you can watch other gladiators fight each other.

__11. How do you appeal to the emperor?__ I have to put up my left hand, and the emperor must let the audience decide; thumbs up, you live! Thumbs down, you die..

__12. What happens to you?__ The other gladiator, the "retarius" has won, and I am killed.

__**Assignment 4**__

__First Journal,__ It has been a long 20 years of fighting with Rome, and us Carthaginians are sick and tired of battling with such hooligans, and our generals have made a deal with the Romans that if we give them Sicily, they wouldn't bug us anymore and leave us alone. But it was sure dumb of us to believe those filthy Romans! Instead of taking only Sicily, they also took Sardinia and Corsica, the two other islands off the coast if Italy. We are very angry, but we are planning to take over Spain, to make up for our missing land. Before our family left for Spain, my father made me swear that when I grew up, I would fight against Rome even when he wouldn't be with me anymore. I was very nervous, but I agreed, for I hated the Romans as much as my father did.

__Second Journal,__ My beloved father has died, and the soldiers of Spain has chosen my to be their new general. My father has always told me I would be a great leader, and he was very impressed with my clever ideas. This was all because the great education of Dad and his soldiers. I will never forget my father until the end of my life. Also, I have certainly not forgotten my promise with my father, and I am planning to attack attack. I have made a plan to take 90,000 men, 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants through Gaul, through the Alps, through Spain, and take over Rome.

__Third Journal,__ My plan of attacking Rome isn't going so well, and half of my soldiers along most of my elephants have died only on the trip. It was been 15 years I have been fighting with Rome, but things are not going as smoothly as I hoped it would. Northern Italy is leaving us alone, but they refused to join our army. Carthage has not that much of a good navy, and it is difficult for them to send supplies. What am I going to do? Still, I am going to fight for my country until we win, or at least when I die.

__Fourth Journal,__ The evil Romans have made a plan to attack Carthage, my homeland, instead of continuing fight us. Carthage has been calling me, and I am on my way. I hope to arrive as fast as I can, but I recently heard that the leaders of Carthage made a deal with Rome that we would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy; reduce our navy into 10 warships; and 10000 talents in war damages, in 50 equal annual payments, for 50 years. Terrible I say, terrible!


 * __Assignment 3__**

The Romans did not rule harshly on the people whom were conquered, and even offered Roman citizenship to most. However, they had to pay taxes and serve in the army in return.
 * __1. According to our textbook, as Rome expanded, how did it treat the people it conquered? Be specific.__

__2. Who were the Punic Wars against?__ The Punic Wars were battles against Rome and Carthage.

__3. Who won all three Punic Wars?__ The Romans won all three Punic Wars, but almost lost in the second.

__4. How did Hannibal try to capture Rome in the second Punic War?__ Hannibal tried to capture Rome by crossing the Alps with a herd of elephants.

__5. How was Hannibal forced to return to Carthage?__ Hannibal was forced to return because Scipio, the Roman general made a plan to attack Carthage, which made Hannibal rush back and defend his land.

__6. What did Rome do to Carthage in 146 B.C.E.? Why do you think the Romans did this?__ The Romans destroyed and set Carthage on fire. I think that the Roman did this so that the people wouldn't have anywhere to go and nothing to live on, which made them surrender and not rebel against them.

__7. What were the results of the Roman expansion? Give specific positive and negative examples.__ The Romans brought back great wealth and many slaves back to Rome. They bought large estates and farmed with the labor of the slaves, but since many small farmers could not compete, they ended up loosing all of their farms. Unemployment of the plebs grew. This resulted with more anger and tension between the rich and the poor classes. **


 * Positive:**
 * Conquerers brought back great wealth
 * Conquerers brought back large numbers of slaves.
 * Negative:**
 * Since many small farmers couldn't compete, they ended up loosing their farms.
 * Anger and tension grew between rich and poor classes

__**Assignment 2**__  __1. What were the differences between being a patrician or a plebeian?__ The plebs were the laborers and the people who were usually the peasants, farmers, shopkeepers, etc. and the ones who paid taxes and were to serve in the Roman army. On the other hand, the pats were the people in the upper class, the ones who were usually the wealthy landowners and the people who controlled valuable lands and held key military and religious offices. Also, the pats were believed that their ancestors were the ones to first settle in Rome.

__2. After Rome overthrew the Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus, they set up a republic. How did this form of government work?__ When they overthrew the Etruscan king, the patricians took most of the political control in the Roman republic. In this kind of government, there was a group of 300 men called a Senate, who were chosen to rule Rome. The Senate chose two men called the Consuls, who were to command the army and the people.

__3. How is Rome's republican government different than what we have in Korea, the United States, or England today?__ In Korea, the US, or England today, you can elect your ruler. On the other hand, the Rome had to have a ruler from only the patrician group, which was only 5 percent of the whole population in Rome.

__4. What was the Conflict of Orders and what did the Plebeian do in protest?__ In the Conflict of Orders, the plebs protested for more political rights for themselves and create an assembly of their own that would protect their rights and interests. They took a dramatic action and moved out of Rome. Since they were the ones that worked and labored, they refused to work until unless they met their demands for political control.

__5. What changes were made to the government to resolve this conflict and placate (make happy) the plebeians?__ The pats decided to make a compromise and allowed the plebs to elect 10 men called Tribunes of the Plebs who were in charge of representing plebeian interests to the Senate. Also, they were allowed to pass or say "veto" to any law they thought weren't fair to the plebs.

__**Assignment 1**__ Use Readings 1 and 2 from the sources above to answer these questions.

The Greeks controlled the southern part of Italy.
 * 1.** **What part of Italy did the Greeks control?**

Rome's geography was flat, but Greece's geography was very mountainous. **
 * 2. How was Rome's geography different from that of Greece?

Rome had mountains around their land for protection and also the Tiber river for trade and easy transportation for taking over other pieces of land.
 * 3. What natural/geographic advantages did Rome have?**

Since the Romans' land was flat, it made it easier for them to unify their land. On the other hand, Greek's land was very mountainous, which made the people at different sides of the mountains harder to see each other and unify their land. **
 * 4. Why do you think the Romans were able to unify their peninsula and the Greeks could not?

Mythology: Romulus and Remus are abandoned from their thrones when they were babies, and were thrown in the Tiber river. Their crib flowed down where a wolf eventually found them, and they grew up from their wolf-mother's hands. When they grew up, they fought for their thrones against their evil uncle. After they succeeded, the two brothers argued on whose name the land should be named after, and ended up with Remus dead. So, Romulus finally named his land Rome, and ruled happily.
 * 5. According to Roman mythology, how was Rome found?** **What was the real story of how Rome was found?

Real Story: **

In 509 BCE, it was the time when Rome began with the overthrow of foreign rulers.
 * 6. Why is 509 BCE an important date in Roman history?**


 * 7. Define the term "republic."**