Tabbara+SS+C+-+Jee

media type="custom" key="4884691" media type="custom" key="6114357" [The Renaissance]

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 * Assignment 3

[The Middle Ages]

1. The bubonic plague was the plague struck western Eurasia in the mid-1300s. Some symptoms were dark spots on skins, fever, chills, convulsions, and vomiting. 2. The plague traveled from Asia to Europe by land trade routes and sea routes. Rats carrying infected fleas traveled with merchants along trade routes. In October 1347, a trading ship brought the disease to Italy. This disease rapidly went to the north. Italian merchants unknowingly brought the plague to Europe. 3. After the bubonic plague occurred, wars and trade stopped, 20 to 30 million people died by the year of 1400. Many workers didn't work, so they demanded a higher pay for labor. However, this weakened feudalism and people began to migrate in search of higher wages. The Muslims and Christians considered the plague differently. The Muslims believed it was testing faith in God and the Christians believe it was their punishment for sin. Later, the Jews' hostility developed, such as getting accused for starting the plague by poising water wells. Sometimes, they were driven out of many German towns during the plague.
 * Assignment 9**

Hawks & Falcons
 * Assignment 5**
 * This area is where Swift the Falconer make sure the birds are well fed and well-cared, usually the doves eat bread.
 * Falconry was a popular form of hunting, however not everyone could afford to have a bird, since it was expensive.
 * This area would be peaceful for people who love animals.

Gatehouse
 * This area is where there is 24 hours lookout on the castle battlements.
 * Soldiers with crossbows and longbows, keep an eye on anyone who comes near the area to attack.
 * This area wasn't friendly to be in, since the soldiers would block away any enemies.

Kitchen
 * This area is where the cook and other staffs work to feed the 300 mouths in the castle.
 * The cook and the staffs cooked over large open fires, which was hot.
 * This area would have been busy, but warm since all the cookers are busy to feed many people, however, they have warm food to give out.

Guardhouse
 * This area is where the soldiers who guard the castle live.
 * Such as the fletcher or smith worked to make bows, arrows, and does repairs and make new weapons.
 * This area would have hard work to do, since making all of the arrows and new weapons.

Chapel
 * This area is where the priest is in charge and takes services.
 * During the Middle Ages, many people didn't know how to read or write, so the priest read it for them.
 * This areas would be relaxed since you can know new information.

1. I don't think that the barbarians in the "Dark Ages" were nice to each other since all of them were in chaos and didn't have any achievements to live out. They didn't have as many resources left, and if chaos was made in their own city, it would be more competitive with the other barbarians. 2. The two tribes were Merovingians and 3. The Merovingians was a Germanic tribe that wanted to help the civilization, but often caused chaos and destruction in medieval Europe. 4. Clovis' conversation to Christianity is crucial since he encouraged people to convert to his new faith and made the Germanic tribes defend them from the Muslims.
 * Assignment 2**

1. The beginning of the Middle Ages was 476 C.E. 2. The Latin term for Middle Ages was "medieval". 3. The Middle Ages were called the "Dark Ages" since there have been no achievements and inventions after they destroyed the Roman Empire. For about 700 years, there was violence, illiteracy, disease, and superstition. However, Christianity gave hope for people during these difficult times, because when you die it will over. 4. While the Middle Ages had a hard time, Muslims in Middle East and North Africa was flourishing, studied, and improved on the works of the Ancient Greek civilization. In addition, sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas improved too. 5. The Middle Ages lasted about 974 years (1000 years). 6. The Renaissance, or rebirth, which means the beginning of modern history.
 * Assignment 1**

[Civilizations of the Americas]

1. The single most important thing I learned was the Mayas influenced our daily life a lot, such as a modern system of mathematics, astronomy, writing system, calendar, and legends. 2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was why the Mayas suddenly disappeared. I have been researching some theories, but I do not think it was the real problem why Mayas abandoned their civilization. 3. What surprised me the most was that Montezuma II wanted to meet Hernando Cortes when he noticed that there might be war. I don't think it was a good solution to get away from war, it was rather dumb for him to do that. 4. I would like to know more about Incas achievements and inventions. In class, we briefly went over it, so I want to know more about in depth. 5. The part that I think I will always remember was that the Mayas lasted for a long time than the Incas and Aztecs, which makes me believe that they were stronger.
 * Assignment 14**

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 * Assignment 13**

1. In my group, we produced potatoes. 2. Each group were to produce as many tokens in 5 minutes, so our group produced 78 potato tokens. 3.All except for Esther's group, the other two groups including my group, accepted to sacrifice to the sun god. 4. I think the groups accepted the Inca demands because they knew that they would be killed, or had enough food left after the sacrifice. 5. Probably the groups from near the edge of Inca empire will resist. 6. I think the Inca leadership style helped expand and maintain the empire because, by asking everyone to work and give food or else choose death will make people work hard enough to survive and have enough left after giving to the sun gods.
 * Assignment 11**

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 * Assignment 10**

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 * Assignment 9**

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 * Assignment 7**

Perspective 1: The world will end in 2012. Explanation: There is a phenomenon that the world will end in 2012, because the Mayan calendar said that 2012 December was the last day of the calendar. Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon
 * Assignment 6**

Perspective 2: The world will not end in 2012. Explanation: The world will not end in 2012 because it is just a rumor. Source:http://365daysofastronomy.org/2009/04/27/april-27th-will-the-world-end-in-2012/

Perspective 3:The fact that the world will end can be true, but it is inaccurate if the world will end in 2012. Explanation: The fact that supports the phenomenon true is correct, however, there is no evidence that it will happen in 2012. Source:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1221892/Why-world-NOT-end-2012-Nasa-scientist-debunks-internet-rumours.html

1. The ball weighs 8 pounds, about the weight of a watermelon (bowling balls weigh 6-16). 2. Human skulls were made up for the core of the ball. 3. The Mesoamericans used rubber for shoes and medicines for sore throats. 4. The Europeans made the ball out of leather. 5. The Mesoamericans made the ball bouncier by using "morning glories" (flowers). 6. Raw rubber is called latex. 7. 8. It was shaped as the letter "I". 9. The four parts were playing alley, wall, end zones, and bench. The purpose of the playing alley was where the teams played the game. The stone wall allowed players to bank the ball in order to keep it play. The end zones is part of the playing alley and makes up the shape of an "I". The bench was a place for players and possibly fans to sit. 10. It is not sure that women play this game, but there were statues found women wearing uniforms. 11. The losers were killed. 12. 13. "Ah Pitzlaw" means "the the ballplayer" in Mayan language. 14. This sport is 3500 years old. 15. The five differences were devoted fans, sports arenas, local rivalry, half-time shows, and gambling. 16. The models tell us what they wore, the way they spent their time, and how they interacted with other people. 17. The ball courts were built in the villages. 18. There were 2 teams of 3 players each. 19. They had to hit the ball with their hips. 20. Not always the losers were killed in Western Africa.
 * Assignment 5**


 * Assignment 4**

01 Primary Source-http://www.the2012countdown.com/images/mayan_calender2_vnm1.jpg This artifact is a primary source, since it was created during the Mayan civilization.
 * Assignment 3**

02 Primary Source-http://www.lawbuzz.com/cherished_rights/freedom_speech/images/dresden.jpg This book is a primary source of the Mayan civilization, because it was made in that period of time.

01 Secondary Source-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization The wikipedia about Maya is a secondary source, since it was written after the Mayan civilization.

02 Secondary Source-http://www.amazon.com/Rise-Fall-Maya-Civilization/dp/0806103019 This book on Amazon, is a secondary source, since it is written in 1973, which is after the Mayan civilization.

[Islam] media type="custom" key="4949875" media type="custom" key="4931007" media type="custom" key="4909005" media type="custom" key="4996859"

1. The single most important thing I learned was about how Islam had started. I had heard about Muhammad, but never knew about him as being the prophet of Islam, and he had spread Islam. He had fought bravely in wars, which inspired young soldiers to fight, and other appeals had made Islam spread. 2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was why it was offending to have Muhammad's picture on anything. I really don't know why it's offending, and in my perspective, I think that people should know how he looks at least. 3. What surprised me the most was that all Muslim weren't terrorist. In the West, many people had taught people about Muslim as terrorist, mainly because of the 911 terror, but to surprise, it was actually the opposite. Islam, was one of the most holy religions in the world. 4. I would like to know more about the four caliphs, since we have only learned their collapses. I think we should learn more about how they ruled and some specific events that happened. 5. The part that I think I will always remember was that there is only one god in Islam, which is Muhammad. 6. Previously, in answer 3, Muslim weren't all terrorists, and were actually holy people. They prayed for Muhammad at least five times a day facing Mecca, and once in their life, they travel to Mecca.
 * Assignment 9**

2.Omar Khayyam || 1. borrowed the numerical system and zero from Indians 2. created a very accurate calendar using math and astronomy || 1. We still use this numbering system today. 2. We still use this accurate calender. || 2. Ibn Sina || 1.identified and described smallpox and measles 2. wrote the //Canon of Medicine// around 1000 || 1. We have a hospital and a medical centers today. 2. His work was used as a medical reference for 600 years. || they drew emphasized plants and geometric patterns 2. skilled at calligraphy || The Abbasids employed calligraphers to decorate everything from buildings to armor. || requirement to pray while facing Mecca. || The work of the Muslim scientists and scholars has influenced our lives today by mathematics, medicine, art, astronomy, and literature. Until this day, we still use all of these subjects. In mathematics, we are able to use the numbering system (including the number 0) and a calender, without it, we wouldn't have known how time passes. Now we have medical centers, hospitals so we can go there and check if we have any problems to our health. Art has influenced us because without it, there wouldn't have been famous artists in the world. Astronomy helped us to learn about space and other things. And lastly literature helped us to read and write, and that humans could be smart.
 * Assignment 7**
 * = __**Subject/Area**__ ||= __**Who**__ ||= __**What did he/they do?**__ ||= __**Why useful?**__ ||
 * Mathematics || 1. al-Khwarizmi
 * Medicine || 1. Al-Razi
 * Art || Muslim Artists || 1.thought that it was wrong to use the human form of art, so
 * Astronomy || al-Biruni || determined the direction of Mecca from any point on earth || It enabled Muslims everywhere in the empire to fullfill the
 * Literature || Omar Khayyam || wrote a poetry called //Thousand and One Nights// || Poetry was used as a way to pass on stories of great victories. ||

1.After the death of Uthman, Ali was finally chose to be caliph, but was assassinated. This led to the end of the system selecting a caliph. 2. The Umayyads took power and set up a hereditary dynasty, which meant that from one family, from parents to offspring, with will keep on be ruled by inheritance. For example, they moved the capital of from Medina to Damascus. 3.Arab Muslims were upset because Damascus (capital) was too far. 4.Islam is split in to two parts, Sunnis and Shi'a. Sunnis are people who followed Umayyad's rule for peace, so any Muslim who follows Muhammad could be a ruler, and Shi'a, or known as Shiites didn't accept that rule, and only relatives of Muhammad were allowed to become a ruler. 5. answer on question 4 6.At 1054 C.E. Christianity splits into two other religions, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. 7.I think that they never want to rejoin, because they have separated because of their different opinions towards an idea, and it won't be quite easy to rejoin once they have separated.
 * Assignment 6**

Quote 1-Muslims aren't allowed to eat pork (swine), and before they eat food, some one needs to bless that food. Quote 2-Muslims who are women aren't allowed to show their hair and skin to other people unless their family. That's why they wear hjjabs. Quote 3-Muslims should avoid alcohol, or drugs and gambling, because Satan doesn't allow it. Quote 4-Muslims should only believe in one god and shouldn't be disrespectful to the elders, or parents. Quote 5-It means that every place is a mosque, so the Muslims pray at any time.
 * Assignment 5**

613 A.D. Dear Diary, Today I just heard from my friend, Muhammad, that while he was praying, Angel Gabriel had spoken to him. I was astonished to the fact that he was spoken to be the messenger of God, and also met Angel Gabriel!. At first, I thought this was not true, but later on he taught me about this message and the truth of gods. 613 A.D. Dear Diary, Now I have learned from Muhammad that there is only one god. Then later on, I helped him to spread the message, but there was a problem. The rich didn't like this idea of Muhammad because if they suddenly believe in only one god, the people who came to worship and trade from other regions would no longer come and the rich wouldn't be rich anymore.so they were trying to kill us!
 * Assignment 4**

622 C.E. Dear Diary, More and more threats came to me and him, so he suggested to take 60 of the followers including me to go to Yathrib. This journey, or Hijrah was hard, so Muhammad, my friend came secretly.

1. Mecca is at the intersection of six trade routes. 2. Copper, incense, and perfumes were produced on the Arabian peninsula. 3. Arabia's location is good one for trade because sea and land routes connected Arabia to major trade centers (Africa, Europe, and Egypt). 4. So many settlements near Arabia's western coast become trading centers because of local, trade centers, regional, and long-distance trade and mainly because of the land and trade routes. 5. Oases became important for trade, because its the place where people stop while they go through the trade route, can get water, can trade while in comfort. 6. Because they brought people who came to worship at an ancient religious shrine called the Ka'bah, and can trade. 7. A pilgrimage means a journey to a sacred place. 8. Because Mecca is at the intersection of six trade routes. Islam Beginnings Comic:
 * Assignment 3**

1. The Arabian peninsula is very humid and have a limited supply of water. 2. Farm is able in the southern mountains and just north of the peninsula in present-day Syria and Iraq. 3. Bedouins are Arabian herders, and nomads are people who move from place to place instead of settling permanently. 4. Bedouins seek water and grazing land for their herds. 5. The path they follow is affected by such factors as the landscape they must cross, the amount of rainfall, and the availability of an oasis. 6 An oasis is a desert area that contains water. 7.Clans are group of people who share a common ancestor. 8.Each Bedouin clan is its own unit of government. 9.Because of their fighting ability, Bedouins became the core of armies that would help create the Muslim Empire.
 * Assignment 2**

After I saw the photo gallery, my perspective about Islam has changed vastly. I had never knew that many people from the world believed in Islam, and was astonishing that some were wealthy than I expected. In addition, some kids were just like us watching cartoons and wearing casual clothes than turbans, which most people consider as Islam's culture.
 * Assignment 1**

[Ancient Rome] 1. One significant fact I learned was that the Romans were very greedy and cruel to the poor in my perspective. I only knew Rome as a city of Italy, and never knew any history of it, but it was very astonishing to learn that they had many segregation to the poor and the rich, plebeians and the patricians. The rich took many land from the poor, and the poor always had no power in the government. 2. Something that confused me was about the republic ending and the empire began. I am confused of the time if the republic ended at 476 C.E or the empire ended at 476 C.E. I believe that the Roman Empire collapsed at 476 C.E. 3. A fact that made me surprise was that Rome had conquered a humongous amount of land. I never knew that Rome could be this powerful, because in the present, they aren't that big and known as strong. 4. I would like to know more about the culture of Rome, like food and some traditional festivals if they have, since we only have learned about government and some of their accomplishments. 5. The part that I think I will always remember was that Roman people in the past thought that people who are not Romans were known as barbarians, like Carthaginians or other people.
 * Assignment 11**

**Assignment 10** Political causes: -since the Roman empire was too large to control, it made the strong emperors such as Constantine, couldn't handle it -also the province was faraway from the others, they wouldn't listen to the province -the barbarians (people who are not Romans) attacked into three sides: Germanic Tribes-->Greece and Gaul, Persians-->Roman territory in Asia, and Berbers-->Roman territory in northern Africa -the emperors ruling during the Pax Romana and the time the barba rians attack ruled poorly -the soldiers no longer fought for Rome, fought for their loyalty to their generals -the respect of the Romans were gone -as the Roman territory was divided into two, more Germanic Tribes attacked which couldn't be blocked -then more and more came to Rome to find homes and got some land, the Visigoths, Vandals, Angles, Saxons, and more

Economic causes: -no longer the other countries didn't want to trade -the price of the food gained, which made poverty increase -no longer Roman money was meant -needed more money to built more things

Social Problems -the gap between the poor and the rich increased -the poor rebelled the rich -since the rich had a lot of power that wanted more and more which ended up taking the plebeians and other poor peoples' land -the barbarians didn't like the idea that they were not considered superior like the Romans thought of

A. 1. In Rome, if you were Christian, it was illegal, so they were hunted as criminals, because the Christians refused to believe in the Roman gods3. because the Christians refused to believe in the Roman gods. 2. Christianity appealed to the poor, because you get equal rights and you will go to heaven after death, which was the opposite 3. for 300 years 4. The emperor Constantine, allowed Christianity to be legal. B. 5. Augustus was the Roman empire when Jesus was born. 6. Juditha was the ancient name of the Roman province, Israel. 7. Jesus was claimed to be God's son, but the Romans didn't believe him. Jesus kept on telling the others, since they didn't believe him. Later on the Romans were frustrated about him and asked the emperor to get rid of him. The emperor thought that Jesus might led a rebellion, so he asked his soldiers to crucify him. Then they hanged him on the cross and he was dead. C. 8. plunder- to loot or to take things by force 9. barbarian- someone who was primitive and uncivilized (according to the ancient Romans) 10. Diocletian- Roman emperor who ordered to the empire and divided it into eastern and western part
 * Assignment 9**
 * 1) 3. Some internal problems were famine, taxes, poverty, soldiers being loyal to their generals, and decline in agriculture.
 * 2) 4. To solve the problems, he divided Rome into east and west, and tried to help the poor by lowering prices and feed them.
 * 3) 5. Germanic Tribes conquered Rome at 476 and the Roman Republic collapsed.
 * 4) 6. Since Rome collapsed they made a new capital, but it was weaker.
 * 5) 7The Romans disliked the Germanic people, because they thought they were still barbarians.

1. Army: became the greatest fighting force in the world, there were 300,000 men in the army 2. Construction: built roads, bridges, and tunnels that helped tie the empire together 3. Navy: Augustus created a strong Roman navy that patrolled along the Mediterranean Sea 4. Areas of Control: From __Africa__ in the North to Britain in the South and from __**Spain**__ in the East to the Mediterranean in the West.
 * Assignment 8**

5. Trade (three __**different**__ examples)- Roman traders brought back //**olive oil from Spain**// and: a. wine from Spain b. marbles from Greece c. textiles from Gauls

6. Currency: Having a common currency across the empire was helpful because traders could buy and sell without changing their money into another currency Assignment 6 1. The expansion of the Roman Republic affected many people's lives in different perspectives and ways, but ended up being bad. First of all, the gap between the poor and rich grew larger, since Rome treated them worse after the expansion which made the Republic collapse. Second, almost all of the people who were for the expansion ended up dieing or running away. 2. I believe that Fulvia believed most strongly that if the Republic expanded, she would get more power, which she kept on using bad ways to get power, and later on found out it wasn't true. 3. Tiberius Gracchus felt most strongly that the expansion of Rome didn't always led to happiness, because again of the gap between the poor and the rich. 4. Since the Republic grew and there will be more powerful people before, everyone would have wanted to become the Roman emperor. 5. Because a story always have many sides to it, and you never know who is right or wrong, and to have a good understanding of both sides.

1. -Britannia (Britain) -Italia (Italy) -Mesopotamia (Iraq) 2. I am from Gallia, and we were conquered by the Romans, since we weren't organized and we lost battles. 3. You can't see your family again and the Romans will take our horses and smash our chariots. 4. Some of my friends have died because of the long journey and since they are weak and famished. 5. The dealer takes us to a slave market where we stand on a platform for everyone to see, so they could buy us. 6. I am becoming a civilized Roman gladiator, but I might have been a slave for doing mining, quarrying, farming, and rowing, which are worse. 7. My favorite staff is the cook, because he prepares food for me. 8. The woman gladiator, since I am a female. 9. We will need to entertain the crowd by, fighting with another opponent. 10. If I try staying alive until the midday then I will have a chance to rest. 11. I will have to raise one finger of my left hand to appeal the emperor. 12. If the crowd raises their thumb up then I can live, but if they put it down I die, or if its a draw than neither men die.
 * Assignment 5**

Journal 1 -Today was probably the first time of my life seeing my father and country getting harassed. After I saw this scene, I felt angry of how our country, Carthage was getting embarrassed by the Romans. Especially for the things they done to my dad, makes me think of revenge. Journal 2-Time has passed, and still people are fighting in the first Punic war. The Romans were wanting to rejoin us to their republic, but we disagreed and kept on fighting until 20 years. I hope the Romans will get the same feeling as we were. Journal 3-Now I am getting older and older, and thought about a battle with Rome. I know I had to follow the promises with my dad, but now I think I can risk my life for saving our country. I'm going to attack Rome with my 37 elephants and lots of soldiers to the Alps, even though it is dangerous. Journal 4-Suddenly, when I was trying to attack Rome, Scipio was attacking Carthage! I had to go back to defend my country even though I came along this long way, but patriotism couldn't stop me. Even though I lost this time I would never stop escaping from the Romans, which they will never get, but now I 64 years old, I will choose death...................
 * Assignment 4**

1. The Romans did not impose harsh rule on conquered peoples. The republic offered Roman citizenship to most them and allowed them to govern themselves. 2. Rome against Carthage 3. Rome won each Punic Wars, but almost lost in the second war. 4. Hannibal crossed the Alps with herds of elephants and nearly captured Rome. 5. Hannibal was forced to return to Carthage because a Roman general, Scipio told Hannibal that they were going to attack Carthage, so Hannibal went to defend his country. 6. In 146B.C, the Romans laid seige to Carthage, then he destroyed and burned the city and sold into slavery. And that area was the province of Rome. I think the Romans did this, because they wanted to prevent anymore of events like Hannibal's actions happening. 7. The result of the Roman expansion was, unemployment and and poverty increased. The positive examples are, more wealth and slaves, and bought larger estates, but the negative examples are that the gap of rich and poor grew more. That is why there is a struggle of the republic being consistent.
 * Assignment 3**

1. The difference between a patrician is a upper class and a wealthy landowner, which made a a patrician have more power so they could make a law that can affect the patricians. Plebeians took over 95 percent of the population, but didn't have any power. The Plebeian wasn't allowed to become consuls or senators, and had jobs of a slave, shopper, artist and others. 2. They had a body of 300 men (Senate) was elected to run the society than one leader that made laws, appoint officials and serve as judges. Then the Senates selected two leaders, Consuls to command the army and run the day-to-day affairs. 3. Korea's, the US's, or England's government have one ruler from their country, but Rome's government only allowed patricians and a few plebeian leaders. 4. The Conflict of Orders is a protest for wanting more political rights and their own rights. The plebeians refused to work and moved out of Rome. 5. After the argument, the patricians allowed the plebeians to elect 10 Tribunes of the Plebs (representatives of the plebeians) and have more rights.
 * Assignment 2**

1. Half of southern Italy was controlled by the Greeks. 2. Greece was smarter, but Rome stole many ideas from them and the others which made them more powerful and gain a lot of land then Greece. 3. Since it was a peninsula(flat), they could trade with others easily, which eventually made them conquer and gain new territories and develop trade routes, and large plains supported farming. 4. Greece's land was mountainous and Rome's land was flat, which made it easier to travel and feel more unified than the Greeks. 5. Rome was founded by abandoned twins of Aeneus named Romulus and Remus, which grew up and located Rome, but at the end Romulus killed Remus and became the ruler. 6. The history of ancient Rome begins with the overthrow of foreign kings in 509 B.C. 7. A republic is a government in which citizens elect representatives to rule in their name.
 * Assignment 1**