Tabbara+SS+C+-+Christine

=media type="custom" key="4884697" media type="custom" key="6114373"= =RENAISSANCE UNIT= Assignment #3 media type="custom" key="6258509" =MIDDLE AGES UNIT= Assignment #9
 * 1) Bubonic plague is a widespread and contagious illness that was spread throughout Eurasia. It is also known as the Black Death. The symptoms of it is severe chills, fever, convulsions, vomiting, dark spots on skin, and swollen glands.
 * 2) Scholars believe that it started in Central Asia and spread to Europe by the trade routes and sea routes.
 * 3) Many people died through the plague and many employers were out of laborers. The pay for the remaining workers was raised. Feudalism began to break down because of the shortage of workers. The plague also affected many religions. The Christians believed that the plague was happening for punishment for sin and blamed the Jews and kicked many Jews out of their villages. On the other hand, the Muslims believed that God had given out the plague as a test in their faith. 20 to 30 million people died of the Bubonic plague by the 1300s.

Assignment #5 //This part of the castle is where the falconer takes care of the birds so they are ready for hunting.//
 * Hawks and Falcons:

** **Royal Apartments:** //This part of the castle was for the children of the King and the King himself. It is where the King rests and sleeps. The apartments were decorated with rich furniture and even had tap on water with many windows and accommodations for the King and Queen.//

**The Kitchens: //This part was where the head cook and the kitchen staff worked to make food for the King and other guests for festival days or meals. There were about three hundred people living in the castle so there is much work to do to feed all those people. Most of the cooking was done over large fires.// **

Assignment #2
 * No, I don't think these barbarian tribes were friendly with each other because in the Dark Ages, all the supplies would have been scarce and the tribes could fight over for it.
 * 1) The Merovingians were a Germanic tribe that actually tried to settle and help make a civilization unlike the barbaric tribes among them. The Merovingians were the biggest of the Germanic tribes, settling in Germany and France. Their kings ruled from AD 400s to the AD 700s.
 * 2) Clovis was one of the Merovingian kings that came to power at AD 481. He was a brutal warrior, and enjoyed bloodshed in battles. His conversion to Christianity is important because Clovis encouraged other people to embrace this religion, which was critical to the Christians defending themselves from the Muslims in later years.
 * 1) Clovis was one of the Merovingian kings that came to power at AD 481. He was a brutal warrior, and enjoyed bloodshed in battles. His conversion to Christianity is important because Clovis encouraged other people to embrace this religion, which was critical to the Christians defending themselves from the Muslims in later years.

Assignment #1 = = =AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS UNIT= Assignment #14
 * 1) The beginning of the Middle ages is 476 AD.
 * 2) The Latin term for Middle ages is 'Medieval'.
 * 3) The Middle ages are called the Dark Ages because the Rome and Greek civilizations had fallen. Their only hope was their belief in Christianity.
 * 4) In other parts of the world, the Islam and other civilizations flourished.
 * 5) The Dark Ages lasted about 974 years and it ended in 1450.
 * 6) The Renaissance means 'rebirth' and during that time Columbus sailed to America, literacy spread, scientists made discoveries, and artists created great works.
 * 1) The single most important thing I learned was the achievements and inventions of the Aztec, Inca, and Maya Civilizations.
 * 2) Something that confused me or that didn't understand was the Inca's way of communicating with the strings.
 * 3) What surprised me the most was that the Incas did not last for the longest time, but they had the biggest empire in the Americas.
 * 4) I would like to know more about how the Aztecs actually lived their daily lives and specifically how they sacrificed a person.
 * 5) I think the part that I always will remember is how Pizarro and his men killed the Incas so brutally.

Assignment #13 media type="custom" key="5789693"

Assignment #11
 * 1) Our group produced Lama meat.
 * 2) The food in each group was split in half. One half was sent to the Sapa Inca and other half was used by the quarter citizens.
 * 3) I think they accepted because the governors stated that if you did not accept, you would be forced to follow them. The terms were also good too.
 * 4) The disadvantages were that two of their quarter members were killed, and the remaining members had to be put apart.
 * 5) The Inca Empire was very strict, but also in some ways, fair too. I think that is the reason the Empire was so big.
 * 1) The Inca Empire was very strict, but also in some ways, fair too. I think that is the reason the Empire was so big.

Assignment #10 media type="custom" key="5563989"

Assignment #9 media type="custom" key="5478887"

Assignment #7 media type="custom" key="5404229"

Assignment #6

__Perspective 1__: The world will end in 2012. __Explanation__: The Mayas have a calendar that stops on December 23rd 2012. People think that the world will end on 2012 because of that. __Source__: Social Studies Maya Video

__Perspective 2__: There are other in-scripted dates on other Mayan sites. __Explanation__: Archeologist Guillermo Bernal states that on other Mayan sites there are dates until the year 4772 in-scripted. __Source__: []

__Perspective 3__: Mayas stopped calendar in theory. __Explanation__: Maybe the Mayas stopped the calendar at 2012 because they didn't know if humans would last this long. __Source__: []

Assignment #5
 * 1) It weighed almost 8 pounds.
 * 2) The core was sometimes made of human skulls and rubber wrapped around them.
 * 3) They also used it as shoes, and containers.
 * 4) They made it from leather.
 * 5) They made the balls bouncier by using the juice of Morning Glory, which is a flower.
 * 6) It is called latex
 * 7) (in notebook)
 * 8) It was shaped like a capital "I".
 * 9) The three parts were the endzones, playing alley, and the walls. The end zones is part of the playing alley that makes the capital I shape. The playing alley is the place where teams played the game. And the walls allowed the players to bank the ball to keep it in play.
 * 10) We are not sure about it but they found some female figurines of players with clothing gear for the ball game.
 * 11) The losers were often sacrificed to the gods.
 * 12) (in notebook)
 * 13) You say "Ah Pitzlaw".
 * 14) The sport is 3,500 years old.
 * 15) They all had great interest in the players and teams. They constructed the architectures elaborately for large groups of people. They all had warlike competition. In the games there were forms of entertainment such as music and dancing. They all gambled on their teams or who would win.
 * 16) We can learn about their ancient life.
 * 17) They were built in the villages
 * 18) We can tell by seeing that the spectators have arms around each others and are sitting on top to get a good view.
 * 19) There are 3 players.
 * 20) They hit it with the hips.
 * 21) The losers were not always killed, like in Western Mexico.

Assignment #4

Assignment #3 = = =ISLAM UNIT= media type="custom" key="4995763" =media type="custom" key="4949891"=
 * Primary Source 1**: @http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/maya/ybac/index.htm --> This is a primary source because it is a translated form of an apology and documents of pre-conquest in Mayan society of Diego de Landa, a conquerer that invaded the Yucatan Peninsula.
 * Primary Source 2**: @http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091112-maya-pictures-murals-pyramid-food.html --> This is a primary source because it is a picture from the time of the Mayans, in a Mayan architecture.
 * Secondary Source 1:** @http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0472043/ (Apocalypto [2006]) --> This is a secondary source because it is a movie about the decline of Mayan tribes and the empire.
 * Secondary Source 2:** http://www.artemaya.com/art/fer/fer011.html (//Fisherman,// Oil on canvas. 2005, 15.75"(h) 17.75"(w)) --> This is a secondary source because it is a painting of the Mayan life after the event. The picture is by Juan Fermin Gonzales Morales.

Assignment #9
 * 1) The most important thing I learned in the Islam unit was that Islam was very similiar to Christianity.
 * 2) I sort of did not understand why Ali isn't allowed to be drawn or symbolized.
 * 3) The thing that surprised me the most was how the Meccans persecuted the muslims and how they tortured them.
 * 4) I would like to know more about the five pillars and how people use them.
 * 5) I think I will always remember the Hijrah.
 * 6) I think that my view has changed from strange and unknown to interesting and friendly and that actually Islam is a very peaceful religion despite their violent past and present.

Assignment #7 2. Omar Khayyam || 1. borrowed the numerical system and zero from Indian scholars. 2. created a very accurate calendar using math and astronomy || 1. We still use this numbering system today. 2. It helped al-Biruni. || 2. Ibn Sina || 1.identified and described smallpox and measles 2. Wrote the "Canon of Medicine" that contained the organized information of all medical knowledge. || 1. Helped when trying to diagnose or cure someone w/one of the diseases. 2. His work was used as a medical reference for 600 years. || The discoveries of these Muslim scholars have influenced us many ways. The mathematics are still used throughout this world and we learn it in school. As for medicine, it has been improved very much with the help of the Muslim discoveries. They still use the Canon of Medicine for many medical situations. All of the other things have also made the Islam religion improve such as Astronomy. Muslims can face towards Mecca while praying easily because of the discovery of al-Biruni.
 * **Subject/Area** || **Who** || **What did he/they do?** || **Why useful?** ||
 * Mathematics || 1. al-Khwarizmi
 * Medicine || 1.
 * Art || Muslim Artists || Calligraphy: art of fine handwriting. || They decorated everything from buildings, to armor. ||
 * Astronomy || al-Biruni || determined the direction of Mecca from any point on earth || enabled Muslims from everywhere to fulfill the requirement of praying while facing towards Mecca. ||
 * Literature || Omar Khayyam || Master of "quatrain" a four line poem where the 1st, 2nd, and 4th lines rhymed. || Poetry was used as a way to pass on stories of great victories. ||

Assignment #6
 * 1) After the death of Uthman, Ali was finally chosen to be caliph but his leadership was challenged and was eventually assassinated in 661 C.E. This led to the end of the caliph system.
 * 2) When they took over, they changed the caliph system to a hereditary dynasty. They also change the capital from Medina to Damuscus, which was a city in the Byzantine Empire.
 * 3) Arab Muslims were upset because Damuscus was too far away.
 * 4) They ended up being split up into two parts to the Sunnis and the Shi'a. The Sunnis people were people that chose their leader by finding a good Muslim that would give a good example of Muhammad. The Shi'a followed Ali's party, claiming that the successor of Muhammad should always be the kin of him.
 * 5) The Sunnis follow the hereditary dynasty and the Shi'a people follow Ali's example.
 * 6) The Byzantines split in to two churches at 1054 C.E.
 * 7) I think it is because their ideas and opinions clash too much. And they did not want to fight internally. So they eventually split into individuals.

media type="custom" key="4908997" Assignment #5 Quote 1) Muslims cannot eat or slaughter pork meat unless you pronounce the name of Allah. If you do not, it will not be deemed valid. Quote 2) Women shall not show themselves or their beauty to people other than their husbands, fathers, sons, brothers, and other women. Quote 3) You should not drink, or gamble because you will forget your prayers to Allah. Quote 4) Allah has said that you should have none other idol than him, but you should be kind to your parents and say no rude words to them although they get old, and speak of them and to them with honor. Quote 5) You should always pray wherever you are.

Assignment #4 First Entry: 613 C.E.: Muhammad is spreading the word that there is only one god, and that all men are equal. The religion is very merciful, and I have decided to believe in Muhammad's word. He is my closest friend, and I believe that the holy God, Allah, has spoken to him.

Second Entry: 622 C.E.: The rich, and wretched Meccans are persecuting us. And some of our brothers and sisters have died, believing in this holy religion. I hope that God will have mercy towards and will soon save us. For the time, we have decided to go to Yathrib, a country that have the same beliefs as us and where no man is wronged.

Third Entry: 622 C.E.: We are going towards Yathrib, however the place is very far. It shall also take more time since the Meccans are tracking us down. We call this sacred move to Yathrib, the Hijrah. All us 60 families are walking together to have a safe place to stay and believe in.

Assignment #3
 * 1) In the intersection, there is Mecca, and Medina. Two oasis cities.
 * 2) Incense, perfumes, and copper are the trading goods of the Arabian peninsula.
 * 3) There are many sea and land routes that were connected to Arabia, and there are oasis cities, such as Mecca and Medina.
 * 4) There were many sea and land routes.
 * 5) They were stops for water along the way to the trading centers.
 * 6) They came during certain holy months and it brought people who came to worship at the Ka'aba.
 * 7) Pilgrimage means a journey to a sacred or holy place.
 * 8) The Arabian peninsula was good for trading with it's many sea routes.

Islam Beginnings Comic:

Assignment #2
 * 1) It rains very little; it is arid.
 * 2) It is possible to farm in the southern mountains and just north of the peninsula.
 * 3) Bedouins are Arab Herders. Nomads are people that move place to place without staying permanently.
 * 4) They look for water and grazing lands for their herds.
 * 5) The three factors are the landscape they are crossing, the amount of rainfall, and the availability of an oasis.
 * 6) An oasis is a desert area that contains water. The Bedouins interact with the people that are settling in the oases.
 * 7) Clans are groups of people that have the same ancestor.
 * 8) They have their own unit of government and provide security and support in the extreme conditions of the desert.
 * 9) They are important because they were the core of the Muslim army.

Assignment #1 Something that really surprised me on the photos of Islamic people is that all them were really different. Some looked somewhat wealthy and had western clothes. Some looked poor and were working, or looked like begging in the streets. They all had very different clothes and colors of skins. Some were solemn and it almost showed that they have been through a lot. Some were laughing and looked happy in the pictures. Those people were usually the people that had good circumstances. Assignment #11
 * ANCIENT ROME UNIT**
 * 1) It was the causes of why Rome collapsed eventually.
 * 2) Something that confused me was why would the army get larger when it was at the time of Pax Romana?
 * 3) What surprised me the most were the crazy emperors and what they did.
 * 4) I would like to know more about people like Cicero, and Julius Caesar.
 * 5) The part I think I will always remember is how Julius Caesar was killed/assassinated/murdered.

Assignment #10
 * Political:**
 * Government>> The government was very unstable because the empire was so big that it was hard to communicate over the countries and provinces. This resulted in the government officials in Rome not knowing the problems of other provinces, and could not solve the problems. The emperors changed to frequently and the citizens would not know orderly rule. There were also crazy emperors that did not help the government at all.
 * Power/Greed>> The government officials were very greedy and only cared for their welfare. This lead to the officials and governors ignoring their duties and problems of Rome.
 * Military/Loyalty>> The citizens of Rome began to lose respect for their rulers, and the soldiers became disloyal to their military leaders, leading to mercenaries who were paid to become a soldier.
 * Economic:**
 * Money>> Since they were over with conquering there was no source to get wealth or riches. The agriculture declined and the taxes were increased by the day. The food prices were going up and up.
 * Who has the money?>> The only people that had money, were the patricians and government officials. But they were also running out of money with no more riches coming in from other conquered countries.
 * Trade>> The political conflicts caused the economy to suffer and trade to decline, since the Roman money lost its value.
 * Social:**
 * Class(Rich & Poor)>> There was great tension between the plebs and pats in the midst of the increasing poverty. The pats would increase taxes, making the already poor plebs more poor and increasing the tension.

Assignment #9 3. The economy became very unstable with no more sources for wealth, and not enough agriculture. The military lost their soldiers, resulting in mercenaries (paid soldiers) and no loyalty for Rome, but individual military leaders. The size of the empire made it hard for it to govern (they could not know the problems since the areas would be too far away). 4. Diocletian tried to solve the empire's problems by: changing the way the army operated by permanently placing troops at the border. He helped feed the poor and kept the price low on bread. And last of all, he divided the empire into two parts, the Western and Eastern. 5. The date 476 is considered an important date because that is when Rome was conquered by the Germanic tribes, the date when Rome finally collapsed. 6. It weakened the Western part because the center of an country, the capital city would be in the eastern part, which is where all the trading, foreign affairs, and such happens. 7. The Romans didn't make the Germanic tribes their allies because they thought that anyone that wasn't Roman was a barbarian. **
 * 1) Christians were treated in Rome like criminals.
 * 2) Christianity appealed to the poor much like the people in Ancient India were appealed to Buddhism. Christianity promised life in heaven after death instead of the underworld, which the Romans believed in. It also promised equality, and equal opportunities.
 * 3) They were persecuted for nearly 300 years.
 * 4) Christianity became legal in Rome at 313 CE.
 * 5) Augustus was the emperor when Jesus was born.
 * 6) Israel was called Judaea before we started calling it Israel.
 * 7) Jesus was eventually crucified because the Jewish leaders disliked Jesus preaching that he was God's son/prophet. They asked the Roman governor of the province to get rid of him. So the governor, Pontius Pilate, afraid that Jesus was leading a rebellion, ordered his soldiers to crucify him.
 * 8) plunder- to loot, or to take things by force
 * barbarian- (according to the Ancient Romans) someone who was primitive and uncivilized
 * Diocletian- Roman emperor who restored order to the empire and divided it into Western and Eastern parts.
 * pg 285 questions

Assignment #8 b) __Grains__ from __Egypt__ c) __Textiles__ from __Syria__ 6. Currency: Having a common currency across the empire was helpful because __trading became easier and it united the empire.__
 * 1) Army: The army became better by the size of the people, which was about 300,000 men. They guarded the frontiers.
 * 2) Construction: They built roads, bridges, and tunnels to tie the Empire together.
 * 3) Navy: The navy was strengthened and they patrolled the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. What resulted in this was power and influence on the whole Mediterranean region.
 * 4) Areas of Control: From __**Britain**__ in the North to __**Northern Africa**__ in the South and from **__Syria__** in the East to __**Spain**__ in the West.
 * 5) a) __Metals__ from __Gaul__

Assignment #5
 * 1) Italia, Sicilia, Britannia - Italy, Sicily, Britain(United Kingdom)
 * 2) I am from Gallia and the Romans conquered us by first invading us and then attacking the trouble makers that do not want to ruled by them. When we fight them they win because they are more organized and trained than us.
 * 3) I might never see my family and the Romans will destroy my weapons.
 * 4) They have died because along the way, which is almost 100 miles long, we suffer hunger, disease, and beatings.
 * 5) In the market, they sell me to the person who paid the most money for me. The ones with diseases have to hold up signs so the future owners know what is wrong with him/her.
 * 6) I will become a gladiator, and my owner plans to change me from a hairy Gaul, to an civilized Roman. I could have been issued to work at the mine, quarry, rowing on a boat, or at a farm. It is better to become a gladiator because there are much worser jobs.
 * 7) My favorite person on the staff is the cook, because he gives us food to make us stronger.
 * 8) I would like to become a Retarius because they have a net and shoulder pads.
 * 9) First, I do a practice duel with wooden swords, the audience bets on if you win or not, My opponent and I are put together, I am given my weapon, and the fight begins.
 * 10) I am able to have a rest when I can stay alive until midday which is when pairs of criminals fight to death.
 * 11) I can appeal to the emperor by raising one finger on my left hand. The emperor will ask the audience if I should live or die. A thumbs up is a sign that I should be released, and a thumbs down is a sign that I should be killed at the spot.
 * 12) The crowd shows a thumbs down and I am finished off by the executer dressed as the god Charon, while the victor gets his prizes. After I am killed men drag me away, and boys rake sand over any signs of killing or blood.

Assignment #4
 * 1) I hate Rome. They humiliate my country, the mighty city, Carthage. I am very enraged that they can take our treasury and the islands that used to be ours. Someday I shall grow as mighty as my city and avenge my father. I shall in turn, humiliate the vile city of Rome.
 * 2) I am 25-years old, a grown man. I am ready to avenge my father and my country. I can do this, I can do this! It is finally Rome's turn to pay the price they did to my country. I shall take my 40,000 men and the large 37 elephants to crush the walls of Rome.
 * 3) The raids and stealing is annoying the "great" city of Rome. Soon they will come out of their cowardly walls and fight me like a real great city. But what am I hearing now? NO! The Romans have decided to attack my city, Carthage now! My plans... the delicate plans I have been planning over years are... ruined.
 * 4) They have decided over the terms of: us leaving Spain, Gaul, and Italy; reduce our navy to 20 ships; and to pay 5000 talents for their war damages. But we shall not keep those cowardly terms. We shall not honor the "peace" terms!

Assignment #3
 * 1) They did not impose harsh rules, offered citizenships, and gave them the right to govern themselves.
 * 2) The punic wars were against the North African Carthage people.
 * 3) Rome won all three punic wars.
 * 4) He tried to cross the Alps with his herd of elephants.
 * 5) Hannibal was forced to return because the Rome general Scipio devised a plan to attack Carthage, which forced him back to defend his city.
 * 6) The Romans laid siege to Carthage, they set the city on fire and all it's inhabitants were sold into slavery. I think they did this because Carthage had many territories in control, which means Rome would be in control of all the territories that Carthage had.
 * 7) The result was that Rome got very wealthy and had many slaves at hand. But small farmers could not compete which led to a majority of poverty and unemployed people. There was a great gap between the wealthy and the poor. It was the tensions between the two classes that led to the overthrowing of the Republic.

Assignment #2
 * 1) Patricians were different from plebians because they were upper class landowners that were officials of the kings, they were also a small group. The plebians were a large group(95% of the population) of lower class people. They worked for the patricians or were slaves. __corrected parts:__**(plebians were also shopkeepers, and artisans)**
 * 2) The form of government's, a republic's primary purpose is to serve the people. They divided the state's power to prevent from someone abusing power. There was no 1 leader, but the senate, made up of 300 men. The senate chose 2 leaders to take control of the military and to attend to the Roman's day-to-day affairs.
 * 3) The Roman republic was different because we had one leader, but he/she does not take control of the whole military and it was not always made up of males.
 * 4) The Conflict of Orders was a struggle resulted in the patricians, that were only 5% of the population, centering the power to themselves. The plebians protested for political rights for themselves too.
 * 5) They made rights for the political rights for the plebians such as:
 * The right to elect 10 officials to represent the plebians. __corrected:__**(Tribunes of the Plebs)**
 * The right to veto(forbid) any law they thought was unfair to the plebians.

Assignment #1
 * 1) Southern Italy
 * 2) Greece was mountainous, but Rome was flat.
 * 3) Their land was flat so it was easier to feel united, and the Alps and the Apennines bordered the land from Italy.
 * 4) I think they were able to unify their land because of it's geographic features and that the power came from only one place, which is Rome.
 * 5) **__Roman Mythology__****:** Romulus and Remus were twins, they were kicked out of their thrones when they were babies by their uncle. And then a she wolf came and saved them and fed them and cared for them until a shepherd found them. The shepherd taught them manners and they soon became famous when they returned stolen goods to their rightful owner. When they found out they were the rightful kings of the kingdom, they overthrew their uncle and became the kings. Soon Romulus and Remus decided to plan a city-state by the river of Tiber. When they made it all, they argued over the city's name. In the end, Remus lay dead and the city-state was named Rome. **__Real Story:__** It actually began when the Romans overthrew foreign kings. //corrected: the latins saw the good farming land and climate, and decided to settle in it. They built Rome on seven steep hills.//
 * 6) 509 BCE is a important date in Rome because that was when the history of Rome begins when they overthrow the Etruscan kings.
 * 7) Republic- a government in which the citizens elect representatives to rule in their name